Sochi : Russian

http://www.all-laptopfan.com/,http://www.all-keyboard.com/ Sochi (Russian: Со́чи, IPA: [ˈsot͡ɕɪ] ( listen)) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia. The Greater Sochi area, which includes territories and localities subordinated to Sochi proper, has a total area of 3,526 square kilometers (1,361 sq mi)^[4] and sprawls for 145 kilometers (90 mi) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains.^[ HP Pavilion G61-336NR CPU Fan The area of the city proper is 176.77 square kilometers (68.25 sq mi).^[4] According to the 2010 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,334,^[5] up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census,^[11] making it Russia's largest resort city. It is one of the very few places in Russia with a subtropical climate, with warm to hot summers and mild winters. HP Pavilion dv7-6184ca CPU Fan With the alpine and Nordic events held at the nearby ski resort of Roza Khutor in Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi is hosting the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014, as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020, subject to the circuit being ready in time.^[12][13] It will also be one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. HP Pavilion dv7-3125eo CPU Fan Greater Sochi is elongated along the Black Sea coast for 145 kilometers (90 mi). Depending on how one chooses todivide Europe and Asia, some sources claim Sochi is in Europe, whereas if one uses the Caucasus Mountains as the divide, Sochi is in Southwest Asia, falling on the southern (Asian) side of the Greater Caucasus.^[ HP Pavilion dv7-2185dx CPU Fan In terms of human geography, Sochi falls within Krasnodar Krai, which is geographically located entirely within European Russiaas does, generally, all territory of Russia west of the Ural Mountains and Ural River.^[19][20] Sochi is approximately 1,603 kilometers (996 mi) from Moscow.^[21] The city of Sochi borders with Tuapsinsky District in the northwest, with Apsheronsky District and with Maykopsky District of the Republic of Adygea in the north, IBM MCF-C10AM05 CPU Fan with Mostovsky District in the northwest, and with Abkhazia in the southeast. From the southwest, it is bounded by the Black Sea. The vast majority of the population of Sochi lives in a narrow strip along the coast and is organized in independent microdistricts (formerly settlements). The biggest of these microdistricts, from the northwest to the southeast, are Lazarevskoye, Loo,Dagomys, Sochi proper (Tsentralny City District), Khosta, Matsesta, andAdler. SONY Vaio VGN-SZ2XP/C CPU Fan The whole city is located on the slopes of the Western Caucasuswhich descend to the Black Sea and are cut by the rivers. The biggest rivers in Sochi are the Mzymta, which is in fact the longest Black Sea tributary in Russia, and the Shakhe. Other rivers include the Ashe, the Psezuapse, the Sochi, the Khosta, and the Matsesta. The Psou River makes the border with Abkhazia. DELL Latitude E4300 CPU Fan The northeastern part of the city belongs to the Caucasus Zapovednik which is a World Heritage Site spanning vast areas in Krasnodar Krai and Adygea. Almost the whole area of the Greater Sochi, with the exception of the coast and of the area which belong to the Caucasus Zapovednik, are included into Sochi National Park. Sochi has a humid subtropical climate^[22][23] with mild winters (average 11 °C (52 °F) during the day and 4 °C (39 °F) HP Pavilion dv7-2025es CPU Fan FUJITSU LifeBook A6030 CPU Fan at night) in the period from December to March and warm summers (average 24 °C (75 °F) during the day and 16 °C (61 °F) at night) in the period from May to October. Before the whole area was conquered by Cimmerian, Scythian and Sarmatian invaders, the Zygii people lived in Smaller Abkhazia under the Kingdom of Pontus, then the Roman Empire's influence in antiquity. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, SONY Vaio VGN-FS115Z CPU Fan the area successively belonged to the kingdom of Lazica and kingdom of Abkhazia who built a dozen churches within the city boundaries. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading Göktürks,Khazars, Mongols and other nomadic empires whose control of the region was slight. The northern wall of an 11th-century Byzantinesque basilica still stands in the Loo Microdistrict.^[24] HP 532617-001 CPU Fan From the 14th to the 19th centuries, the region was dominated by the Abkhaz, Ubykh and Adyghe tribes, the current location of the city of Sochi known as Ubykhia was part of historical Circassia, and was controlled by the native people of the local mountaineer clans of the north-west Caucasus, nominally under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, which was their principal trading partner in the Muslim world. ACER Aspire 5730Z CPU Fan The coastline was ceded to Russia in 1829 as a result of a Caucasian War and Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829; however, the Circassians did not admit the Russian control over Circassia and kept resisting the newly established Russian outposts along the Circassian coast (Adyghe:Адыгэ хы аушу).^[8][25] Provision of weapons and ammunition from abroad to the Circassians caused a diplomatic conflict between the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom that occurred in 1836 over the mission of the Vixen.^[26] HP G56-126NR CPU Fan The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron Feodor Tornau investigated the coastal route fromGelendzhik to Gagra, and across the mountains to Kabarda, in the 1830s. In 1838, the fort of Alexandria, renamed Navaginsky a year later, was founded at the mouth of the Sochi River as part of the Black Sea coastal line, a chain of seventeen fortifications set up to protect the area from recurring Circassian resistance. HP Pavilion dv7-6166nr CPU Fan At the outbreak of the Crimean War, the garrison was evacuated from Navaginsky in order to prevent its capture by the Turks, who effected a landing on Cape Adler soon after. The last battle of the Caucasian War took place at the Godlikh river on March 18, 1864 O.S., where the ubykhs were defeated by the Dakhovsky regiment of the Russian Army. On March 25, 1864, the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort. FUJITSU Lifebook A3210 CPU Fan The end of Caucasian War was proclaimed at Kbaade tract (modern Krasnaya Polyana) on June 2 (May 21 O.S.), 1864, by the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II read aloud by Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia.^[8] After the end of Caucasian War (during the period of 1864–1870) almost all Ubykhs and a major part of the Shapsugs, who lived on the territory of modern Sochi, were either killed in the Circassian Genocide or expelled to the Ottoman Empire (see Circassian Genocide). DELL Precision M6400 CPU Fan Starting in 1866 the coast was actively colonized by Russians, Armenians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Greeks, Germans, Georgians and other people from inner Russia.^[8][25] In 1874–1891, the first Russian Orthodox church, St. Michael's Church, was constructed, and the Dakhovsky settlement was renamed Dakhovsky Posad on April 13, 1874 (O.S.). In February 1890, the Sochi Lighthouse was constructed. Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX CPU Fan In 1896, the Dakhovsky Posad was renamed Sochi Posad (after the name of local river) and incorporated into the newly formed Black Sea Governorate. In 1900–1910, Sochi burgeoned into a sea resort. The first resort, "Kavkazskaya Riviera", opened on June 14, 1909 (O.S.). Sochi was granted town status in 1917. During the Russian Civil War, the littoral area saw sporadic armed clashes involving the Red Army, HP Pavilion dv2660se CPU Fan White movement forces, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia. As a result of the war Sochi has become Russian territory. In 1923, Sochi acquired one of its most distinctive features, a railway which runs fromTuapse to Georgia within a kilometer or two of the coastline. Although this branch of the Northern Caucasus Railway may appear somewhat incongruous in the setting of beaches and sanatoriums, it is still operational and vital to the region's transportation infrastructure.^[8] Toshiba Satellite L500-1XC CPU Fan Sochi was established as a fashionable resort area under Joseph Stalin, who had his favorite dacha built in the city. Stalin's study, complete with a wax statue of the leader, is now open to the public.^[27] During Stalin's reign the coast became dotted with imposing Neoclassical buildings, exemplified by the opulent Rodina and Ordzhonikidze sanatoriums. DELL GM0503PEB1-8 (L2.M) CPU Fan The centerpiece of this early period is Shchusev's Constructivist Institute of Rheumatology (1927–1931). The area was continuously developed until the demise of the Soviet Union.^[8] Following Russia's loss of the traditionally popular resorts of the Crimean peninsula (transferred away from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954 byNikita Khrushchev), Sochi emerged as the unofficial summer capital of the country.^[28] HP Pavilion dv7-1098eo CPU Fan During Vladimir Putin's term in office, the city witnessed a significant increase in investment, although many Russian holidaymakers still flock to the cheaper resorts of neighbouring Abkhazia (Georgia), Ukraine, or to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Additionally, Sochi has also served as the location for the signing of many treaties, especially those between theGeorgian, separatist Abkhazian, and separatist South Ossetian governing authorities. Toshiba Satellite A205-S5804 CPU Fan The area of the Russian city of Sochi was populated more than 100,000 years by ancient people of Asia Minor migrating through Colchis (olden Georgia). Ancient Greeks sailed to the region via the Black Sea in the 5th–6th centuries BC and encountered the Maeotae, Sindi, Cercetae, Zygii and other local tribes. They were the ancestors of the Abkhaz, Ubykh andAdyghe people who lived here until 1864; HP Pavilion dv7-1240us CPU Fan many toponyms in Sochi, including the city itself, originate from their languages. The first Russian outpost was set up in central Sochi in 1838 as a part of the Russian expansion along theBlack Sea coast. The local resistance to this process resulted in the Caucasian War of 1817–1864, which ended in a Russian victory and the expulsion of the local population, mostly to Turkey.  DELL yy529 CPU Fan The Russian settlement built in the area was named Sochi in 1896 and received the status of a city (town) in 1917. The first tea plantations were established there in 1901–1905 and resulted in the production of the most prominent brand of Russian tea. From the end of the 19th century, the city has been developed as a dedicated area for sanatoriums and hospitals. Toshiba Qosmio G40-10E CPU Fan It served as a rehabilitation center during World War II and, despite a decline following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, remains the majorresort town of Russia. An important recent event was selection of Sochi as the site of the 2014 Winter Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics. Geologically, the area of Sochi is composed of  Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks. SONY Vaio VGN-CR407E CPU Fan They had experienced significant changes due to the volcanic and seismic activity, with the earthquakes measuring up to 9 on the Richter scale. It was populated during the Lower Paleolithic more than 100,000 years ago by early humans migrating from Asia Minor through Colchis. They first formed open-type settlements, but during the Middle Paleolithic (100,000–35,000 years ago) moved to caves due to the global cooling. HP Pavilion dv6-1101au CPU Fan One evidence of that is known as a 40,000–50,000 old site in the Akhshtyrskaya Cave, 15 km from Adlersky City District. The cave is protected by the UNESCO and contains human remains, early tools and bones of bears, deer and other animals indicating the hunting nature of the inhabitants.^[1][2] In the Upper Paleolithic (35,000–10,000 years ago) they have developed techniques of producing elaborated stone tools.^[3] HP Pavilion dv7-3190ev CPU Fan The Ancient Greeks sailed to the Sochi area in the fifth–sixth centuries BC and kept visiting it till about first century BC. They encountered the Aehi, Zygiiand other people who were apparently keen for the luxury goods brought by Greeks and exchanged them for slaves. Slaves were a major commodity of the time, and thus the Caucasian coast became a slave trade center.^[1] HP Pavilion dv7-1157cl CPU Fan An ethnic group of a few thousands of Greeks still lives around Krasnaya Polyana. Between 2,000 and 1,800 BC, the coastal area around Sochi had one cultural entity.A detailed description of the coastal area around Sochi originated from the naval expedition of the Frenchman Frédéric Dubois de Montpéreux (1708–1850) in 1833. He also compiled former descriptions of the region. HP COMPAQ NX9420 CPU Fan Montpéreux however could not land at the site of Sochi as his ship was met with a strong gun fire from the coast. He mentions that in the Middle Ages, a Genoan city of Mamai stood on river Psakhe (modern Mamaika in Sochi), and some 60 north from it a German fortress and a monastery. Ottoman Turkey had much interest in the Black Sea coast as an outpost for its northern expansions, HP Mini 110-1110ET CPU Fan however, it had lost this area to Russia as a result of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) and the Treaty of Adrianople. To further protect the coast from Turkey, a coastal line of defense was built in 1830–1839 consisting of 17 fortresses. Several of these fortresses were founded in the suburbs of the modern Sochi, such as the fortress of Holy Spirit in Adler (1837),^[2] Lazarevskoye (1839) and Golovinskoe (1839). HP Pavilion dv7-1157cl CPU Fan On 23 April 1838, the first stone of the fortress was laid in central Sochi, at the mouth of the Sochi River. This day coincided with the birthday of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, the wife of Tsar Nicholas I, and the fortress was named Alexandria after her. It was however soon renamed into Navaginsky (for uncertain reason). The construction was completed in July 1838.^[6] HP Pavilion dv6-3163eo CPU Fan During the Crimean War of 1853–1856 it was abandoned and partly destroyed; it was rebuilt in 1864 under a new name Dakhovsky.^[7] The locals however did not recognize Russian rule and fiercely opposed what they perceived as colonization. This opposition attracted the interest of Britain, which was apparently selling weapons and ammunition to the Circassians. HP Pavilion dv9740us CPU Fan This caused a diplomatic conflict between the Russian Empire and Great Britain in 1836, centered on the Mission of the Vixen. The British ship Vixen loaded with weapons for the rebels was captured and confiscated by the Russians at the port Sudzhuk-Kale (nowadays Novorossiysk). The British protested, but the position of Tsar Nicholas I was firm and a quick order was given to prepare the army for a war with Britain.^[8] ACER Aspire 4743 CPU Fan The conflict quickly subsided, but not the local resistance, which resulted in the Russian Circassian War of 1817–1864, the longest in the history of the region. Its end was proclaimed on 21 May 1864 (Old Style) at Kbaade tract (modern Krasnaya Polyana) by the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II read aloud by the Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich. HP Pavilion dv6-2170us CPU Fan On 10 May 1864, 12 Cossack stations were set up around the Sochi area for its protection. On 10 March 1866, a decree was proclaimed promoting relocation to the Sochi area of all peoples of Russia. A rural settlement quickly grew on the Black Sea coast. On 23 May 1896 it was named Sochi^[7][9] and shortly after included into the newly formed Black Sea Governoratewith the administrative center in Novorossiysk. Toshiba Satellite L675-S7018 CPU Fan On 1 May 1898, the governing structure of Sochi was established, which consisted of a chair, vice-chair, and 12 deputies elected by people. In July 1917, the settlement received the status of atown. On 10 February 1961, it was expanded by the inclusion of Adler and Lazarevskoye districts and with an area of 3505 km² and length of 145 km became one of the world's longest cities. ASUS F80Q CPU Fan In comparison, its area and length in 1941 were 32 km² and 30 km, respectively. From September 1937 until the present day, Sochi is a part of Krasnodar Krai The major occupation of the new settlers was in agriculture, and many of them attempted to grow tea, which was then an expensive, yet the most popular non-alcoholic beverage in Russia. ACER TravelMate 4200 CPU Fan Several attempts in the 1870s and 1880s failed because of the cold climate, and the first success was achieved in the early 1900s by the Ukrainian peasant Judas Antonovich Koshman (1838–1935). Koshman previously worked for a tea factory in Adjara, a place south to Sochi on the Black Sea coast. That tea was known in Russia but its taste was unpopular. HP 434678-001 CPU Fan In 1901, Koshman brought seeds of tea plants from Adjara to Sochi (Solokhaul settlement) and developed a brand which was not only resistant to cold but also had a rich taste. The first successful plantation is dated to 1905. This new tea later became the distinct brand of Krasnodarsky Tea, which is the most prominent Russia-grown tea and is one of the northernmost teas in the world. HP G70-120EA CPU Fan The house of Koshman still stands in Solokhaul along with the tea bushes planted by his hands. During this period, numerous stone monuments (dolmens) were built around Sochi, and at least fifty remain to the present day. It is still unclear how these tombs weighing tens of tons were built with such an accuracy (some stones match each other within millimetres), and what exactly their purpose was.^[4] Toshiba Satellite A300-034 CPU Fan Numerous bronze tools and trade objects, dated to 800–700 BC, were found near Sochi indicating active exchange with the nearby areas.^[3] In the Middle Ages, the region was mostly influenced by the Byzantine Empire and Christianity, as evidenced by the style of nine churches and eighteen fortresses dating from those times. The northern wall of an eleventh-century Byzantinesque basilica still stands inLoo Microdistrict. HP 606609-001 CPU Fan In the 14th–17th centuries, the area was mostly populated by the Abkhaz, Ubykh and Adyghe peoplewho lived in small clay-wooden houses called “saklya” built on the mountain slopes. Although they shared the same region, which was then sometimes called Circassia, they spoke different languages and had different cultures. Despite their small size and massive external influence, they considered themselves independent nations. Compaq Presario CQ60-301sl CPU Fan Their early religion was a form of shamanism. However, interaction with Turkey resulted in the dominance of Islam, especially between 1829 and 1864 when it was used as a mean to further separate the locals with Russians, who were mainly Orthodox Christians. After the end of the Caucasus War, the Russian government urged relocation of the coastal tribes. TOSHIBA Satellite L300 CPU Fan This initiative was avidly promoted by the Turkish authorities; however, the relocation to Turkey resulted in much suffering and death as the refugee camps in Turkey could not cope with the large numbers of migrants. Seeing that, the Russians later reversed their policy and invited the locals back, but they already assimilated with Turks and refused the offer.^[1] ASUS Eee PC 701 CPU Fan The new settlers coming belonged to various nationalities (mostly Russians, but also Ukrainians, Georgians, Moldovans, Belorussians, Estonians, Letts and Germans) and religious groups, such as Catholics, Lutherans, Gregorian Armenians, Sunniand other Muslims, but the predominant part was Orthodox Christians. Compaq Presario CQ60-305sa CPU Fan The first Orthodox church in Sochi, the St. Michael's Church, was designed by Alexander Kaminsky and constructed in 1874–1891. Its construction was promoted by the Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich aiming to commemorate the Russian victory in the Caucasian War and sponsored by Savva Mamontov and Count Felix Felixovich Sumarokov-Elston, among others. HP 637607-001 CPU Fan Many areas and geographical features of Sochi retained their original names through its entire history. The city itself and its major river were named after the Ubykh tribe Soatshe which was living in the area before 1864.^[3] It is believed that the name Adler originates not from German word for "eagle", but from the name of an Adyghe tribe, so as Loo. Dagomys means "cool place" in Adyghean,^[13] HP Pavilion dv7-3067nr CPU Fan Tuapse means "two waters", Matsesta – "fiery water", Kudepsta – "oily water", and Shepsi – "waterless". The economical development of Sochi was greatly accelerated by the development of transport. So, in 1888, the construction of a transcoastal road from Novorossiysk to Sukhumi reached Sochi, and a road to Krasnaya Polyana was laid in 1899. HP Pavilion dv5-1210ez CPU Fan In 1934–1936, all minor roads within the city were consolidated in a highway named after Stalin (now Kurortnyi Prospect). By 1916, railways were laid connecting Sochi with Russia via Tuapse. The first train station of Sochi was built around 1916 and rebuilt to nearly its present look in 1952. Later, the seaport (1955) and Sochi International Airport were constructed in central Sochi and in Adler, respectively. Compaq Presario CQ50-211nr CPU Fan The Sochi Lighthouse was erected much earlier, in February 1890.^[3] Around that time, the development of Sochi was directed toward creating a health resort and a green city. In 1902, a wooden bath complex was raised on the territory of modern Matsesta springs and a joint venture regulating its operation was set up in 1912 led by the merchant M. M. Zensinov and doctor V. F. Podgursky. HP G56-114SA CPU Fan The first spa resort named "Kavkazskaya Riviera" was opened on 14 June 1909.^[7] The first city doctor was A. L. Gordon (1871–1940) who in 1911 established the first hospital in Sochi with the capacity of 35 beds. A number of writers, painters and artists had moved to the area by then and helped establish the educational system of the city.^[3] In particular, the Soviet writer Nikolai Ostrovsky lived in Sochi between 1928 and 1936 and has a monument and a museum devoted to him.^[7] SONY Vaio VGN-CR21Z/N CPU Fan As a result of the October Revolution in 1917, all the infrastructure of Sochi was nationalized by the Bolsheviks in the spring of 1918. Georgian intervention resulted in a Russian-Georgian military conflict which lasted from July 1918 to February 1919. Actions of the Volunteer Army and local population resulted in the defeat of Georgian forces. HP Pavilion G61-336NR CPU Fan In February 1918, the city was occupied by the Volunteer Army which restored the pre-revolution government system and forced local population to join the army. These measures were met with resistance and in April–October 1919, the local peasants had formed 30 partisan units (named the "Green Army") with the total force of 3,000 people. In parallel, in March 1919, a local section of the Red Army was formed and later merged with the main body. HP Pavilion dv7-6184ca CPU Fan On 29 April 1920, the Volunteer Army was defeated in the Sochi area and its capitulation was signed on 2 May.^[3][7] In 1920, the management system was set up for developing the health resort infrastructure in Sochi. The first priority was eradicating malaria. In the swampy area of Sochi, this disease was so rampant^[15] that the very existence of a health resort here was seriously questioned. HP Pavilion dv7-3125eo CPU Fan The first anti-malaria station was established in 1921. Many swamps were dried and Eucalyptustrees were planted to accelerate the process, as they consume much water. A crucial step was introduction in 1925 of the fishGambusia affinis (mosquitofish), which feeds on the aquatic larval and pupal stages of mosquitoes. As a result, the number of malaria cases reduced 6 times by the mid-1930s; HP Pavilion dv7-2185dx CPU Fan however, the disease wasn't completely eradicated until 1956.^[3][16] A monument to the fish was raised in Adler in 2010.^[17][18] In 1924, the Caucasian State Nature Biosphere Reserve was established about 72 km (45 mi) east from central Sochi. It occupies about 2,633 km² (1,017 sq mi)^[9] and preserves some 85 m-high specimens of the Nordmann Fir (Abies nordmanniana), IBM MCF-C10AM05 CPU Fan thought to be the tallest trees in Europe, and a unique forest formed by English Yew (Taxus baccata) and European Box (Buxus sempervirens). About a third of its high mountain species of plants are recognized as endemic. The area also includes the Sochi National Park (IUCN management category II). It hosted the rare Caucasian Wisent, but the last three animals were killed in 1927.^[19] SONY Vaio VGN-SZ2XP/C CPU Fan In 1940, a group of wisent-American bison hybrids were released into the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve.^[20] These hybrids are described as a different subspecies, the highland bison (Bison bonasus montanus).^[21] The first medical research institution was established in Sochi in 1936 and named after Stalin. Between 1936 and 1939 it was led by professor (and then academician) A. I. Nesterov^[22] and included laboratories and 4 hospitals with the total of 200 beds. DELL Latitude E4300 CPU Fan The research of that institute was focused on balneotherapy andphysiotherapy. In January 1934, Sochi was included in the list of the first-priority expansion areas of Soviet Union (which was usually reserved for industry). As a result, by 1940 the city contained more than 60 sanatoriums and hospitals with the total capacity of about 9,000 beds. In comparison, in the late 1920s, there were only 6 sanatoriums with 465 beds.^[3] HP Pavilion dv7-2025es CPU Fan The development of Sochi was promoted by Joseph Stalin who had his favorite dacha built in the city – a tradition followed by most succeeding Soviet and Russian leaders. Those dachas were used not only for personal leisure, but also hosted numerous (less formal) meetings with high-ranking foreign officials.

The conjecture might be that a new

The conjecture might be that a new drug will cure the disease in some of those people. Terms commonly associated with statistical hypotheses are null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. A null hypothesis is the conjecture that the statistical hypothesis is false, e.g.,HP Pavilion DV6-1030us Laptop Keyboard that the new drug does nothing and that any cures are due to chance effects. Researchers normally want to show that the null hypothesis is false. The alternative hypothesis is the desired outcome, e.g., that the drug does better than chance. DELL Vostro 1510 Laptop Keyboard A final point: a scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable, meaning that one can identify a possible outcome of an experiment that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis; otherwise, it cannot be meaningfully tested.DELL Vostro 1014 Laptop Keyboard Prediction: This step involves determining the logical consequences of the hypothesis. One or more predictions are then selected for further testing. The less likely that the prediction would be correct simply by coincidence, the stronger evidence it would be if the prediction were fulfilled; evidence is also stronger if the answer to the prediction is not already known, DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard due to the effects of hindsight bias (see also postdiction). Ideally, the prediction must also distinguish the hypothesis from likely alternatives; if two hypotheses make the same prediction, observing the prediction to be correct is not evidence for either one over the other. (These statements about the relative strength of evidence can be mathematically derived using Bayes' Theorem.)DELL Vostro 3450 Laptop Keyboard Testing: This is an investigation of whether the real world behaves as predicted by the hypothesis. Scientists (and other people) test hypotheses by conducting experiments. The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations of the real world agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from an hypothesis.  DELL 0PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard If they agree, confidence in the hypothesis increases; otherwise, it decreases. Agreement does not assure that the hypothesis is true; future experiments may reveal problems. Karl Popper advised scientists to try to falsify hypotheses, i.e.,ACER Aspire 5652WLMi Laptop Keyboard to search for and test those experiments that seem most doubtful. Large numbers of successful confirmations are not convincing if they arise from experiments that avoid risk.[21] Experiments should be designed to minimize possible errors,  SONY VAIO VGN-NW240F Laptop Keyboard especially through the use of appropriatescientific controls. For example, tests of medical treatments are commonly run as double-blind tests. Test personnel, who might unwittingly reveal to test subjects which samples are the desired test drugs and which are placebos, are kept ignorant of which are which. Such hints can bias the responses of the test subjects.  ACER KB.TNT07.002 Laptop Keyboard Furthermore, failure of an experiment does not necessarily mean the hypothesis is false. Experiments always depend on several hypotheses, e.g., that the test equipment is working properly, and a failure may be a failure of one of the auxiliary hypotheses. (See the Duhem-Quine thesis.) HP Mini 311-1033CA laptop keyboard Experiments can be conducted in a college lab, on a kitchen table, at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, at the bottom of an ocean, on Mars (using one of the working rovers), and so on. Astronomers do experiments, searching for planets around distant stars. HP Pavilion dv6-3022ee laptop keyboard Finally, most individual experiments address highly specific topics for reasons of practicality. As a result, evidence about broader topics is usually accumulated gradually. Analysis: This involves determining what the results of the experiment show and deciding on the next actions to take. SONY VAIO VGN-CS17G/R laptop keyboard The predictions of the hypothesis are compared to those of the null hypothesis, to determine which is better able to explain the data. In cases where an experiment is repeated many times, astatistical analysis such as a chi-squared test may be required. SONY VAIO VGN-FS790 laptop keyboard If the evidence has falsified the hypothesis, a new hypothesis is required; if the experiment supports the hypothesis but the evidence is not strong enough for high confidence, other predictions from the hypothesis must be tested. Once a hypothesis is strongly supported by evidence, a new question can be asked to provide further insight on the same topic.SONY VAIO VGN-N385E laptop keyboard Evidence from other scientists and experience are frequently incorporated at any stage in the process. Depending on the complexity of the experiment, many iterations may be required to gather sufficient evidence to answer a question with confidence, or to build up many answers to highly specific questions in order to answer a single broader question.SONY VAIO VGN-CR220Q laptop keyboard The scientific method also includes other components required even when all the iterations of the steps above have been completed:[citation needed] Replication: If an experiment cannot be repeated to produce the same results, this implies that the original results were in error.  SONY VAIO VGN-CR220E laptop keyboard As a result, it is common for a single experiment to be performed multiple times, especially when there are uncontrolled variables or other indications of experimental error. For significant or surprising results, other scientists may also attempt to replicate the results for themselves, especially if those results would be important to their own work.[citation needed]SONY 148701322 laptop keyboard External review: The process of peer review involves evaluation of the experiment by experts, who give their opinions anonymously to allow them to give unbiased criticism. It does not certify correctness of the results, only that the experiments themselves were sound (based on the description supplied by the experimenter). LENOVO IdeaPad S10 4231 laptop keyboard If the work passes peer review, which may require new experiments requested by the reviewers, it will be published in a peer-reviewedscientific journal. The specific journal that publishes the results indicates the perceived quality of the work.[citation needed]HP Pavilion dv6-3110se laptop keyboard Data recording and sharing: Scientists must record all data very precisely in order to reduce their own bias and aid in replication by others, a requirement first promoted by Ludwik Fleck (1896–1961) and others.[34] ASUS V020662BS1 laptop keyboard They must supply this data to other scientists who wish to replicate any results, extending to the sharing of any experimental samples that may be difficult to obtain.[35] The goal of a scientific inquiry is to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that can predict the results of future experiments. IBM 42T3265 laptop keyboard This allows scientists to gain an understanding of reality, and later use that understanding to intervene in its causal mechanisms (such as to cure disease). The better an explanation is at making predictions, the more useful it is, and the more likely it is to be correct. TOSHIBA Satellite L675-S7044 laptop keyboard The most successful explanations, which explain and make accurate predictions in a wide range of circumstances, are called scientific theories. Most experimental results do not result in large changes in human understanding; improvements in theoretical scientific understanding is usually the result of a gradual synthesis of the results of different experiments, by various researchers, across different domains of science.[36]  FUJITSU Amilo Mini Ui 3520 laptop keyboard Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community. In general, explanations become accepted by a scientific community as evidence in favor is presented, and as presumptions that are inconsistent with the evidence are falsified.SONY Vaio PCG-K33 Laptop Keyboard Scientific knowledge is closely tied to empirical findings, and always remains subject to falsification if new experimental observation incompatible with it is found. That is, no theory can ever be considered completely certain, Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 Laptop Keyboard since new evidence falsifying it might be discovered. If such evidence is found, a new theory may be proposed, or (more commonly) it is found that minor modifications to the previous theory are sufficient to explain the new evidence. The strength of a theory is related to how long it has persisted without falsification of its core principles.TOSHIBA 6037b0026805 Laptop Keyboard Confirmed theories are also subject to subsumption by more accurate theories. For example, thousands of years of scientific observations of the planets were explained almost perfectly by Newton's laws. However, these laws were then determined to be special cases of a more general theory (relativity), ACER Aspire 4736ZG Laptop CPU Cooling Fan which explained both the (previously unexplained) exceptions to Newton's laws as well as predicting and explaining other observations such as the deflection of light by gravity. Thus independent, unconnected, scientific observations can be connected to each other, unified by principles of increasing explanatory power.[37] HP Pavilion dv4-1133tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Since every new theory must explain even more than the previous one, any successor theory capable of subsuming it must meet an even higher standard, explaining both the larger, unified body of observations explained by the previous theory and unifying that with even more observations.  HP Pavilion dv6-3043ee Laptop CPU Cooling Fan In other words, as scientific knowledge becomes more accurate with time, it becomes increasingly harder to produce a more successful theory, simply because of the great success of the theories that already exist.[37] For example, the theory of evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth, how species adapt to their environments,  Compaq Presario CQ61-421SG Laptop CPU Cooling Fan and many other patterns observed in the natural world;[38][39] its most recent major modification was unification with genetics to form the modern evolutionary synthesis. In subsequent modifications, it has also subsumed aspects of many other fields such as biochemistry and molecular biology. HP Pavilion dv6-1101au Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Beliefs and biases Scientific methodology directs that hypotheses be tested in controlled conditions which can be reproduced by others. Thescientific community's pursuit of experimental control and reproducibility diminishes the effects of cognitive biases.HP Pavilion dv6-3125er Laptop CPU Cooling Fan For example, pre-existing beliefs can alter the interpretation of results, as in confirmation bias; this is a heuristic that leads a person with a particular belief to see things as reinforcing their belief, even if another observer might disagree (in other words, people tend to observe what they expect to observe).HP 606575-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan A historical example is the conjecture that the legs of a galloping horse are splayed at the point when none of the horse's legs touches the ground, to the point of this image being included in paintings by its supporters.  HP Pavilion dv7-6185us Laptop CPU Cooling Fan However, the first stop-action pictures of a horse's gallop by Eadweard Muybridge showed this to be false, and that the legs are instead gathered together.[40] Another important human bias that plays a role is a preference for new, surprising statements (see appeal to novelty), which can result in a search for evidence that the new is true.[1]DELL DFS491105MH0T Laptop CPU Cooling Fan In contrast to the requirement for scientific knowledge to correspond to reality, beliefs based on myth or stories can be believed and acted upon irrespective of truth,[41] often taking advantage of the narrative fallacy that when narrative is constructed its elements become easier to believe.[42][43] HP 532613-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Myths intended to be taken as true must have their elements assumed a priori, while science requires testing and validation a posteriori before ideas are accepted.[44] There are different ways of outlining the basic method used for scientific inquiry. Compaq Presario CQ60-417DX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The scientific community and philosophers of science generally agree on the following classification of method components. These methodological elements and organization of procedures tend to be more characteristic of natural sciencesthan social sciences. HP Pavilion dv7-3060us Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Nonetheless, the cycle of formulating hypotheses, testing and analyzing the results, and formulating new hypotheses, will resemble the cycle described below. Each element of the scientific method is subject to peer review for possible mistakes. HP KSB06105HA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan These activities do not describe all that scientists do (see below) but apply mostly to experimental sciences (e.g., physics, chemistry, and biology). The elements above are often taught in the educational system as "the scientific method".[58]Dell Latitude E6510 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The scientific method is not a single recipe: it requires intelligence, imagination, and creativity.[59] In this sense, it is not a mindless set of standards and procedures to follow, but is rather an ongoing cycle, constantly developing more useful, accurate and comprehensive models and methods. HP 441541-001 Laptop Keyboard For example, when Einstein developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity, he did not in any way refute or discount Newton's Principia. On the contrary, if the astronomically large, the vanishingly small,  TOSHIBA Satellite l25-s1196 laptop keyboard and the extremely fast are removed from Einstein's theories – all phenomena Newton could not have observed – Newton's equations are what remain. Einstein's theories are expansions and refinements of Newton's theories and, thus, increase our confidence in Newton's work.SONY VAIO VGN-CS11S/W laptop keyboard A linearized, pragmatic scheme of the four points above is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding:[60] Measurements demand the use of operational definitions of relevant quantities. That is, a scientific quantity is described or defined by how it is measured,DELL Inspiron 1750 Laptop Keyboard as opposed to some more vague, inexact or "idealized" definition. For example, electrical current, measured in amperes, may be operationally defined in terms of the mass of silver deposited in a certain time on an electrode in an electrochemical device that is described in some detail. HP Envy 15 Laptop Keyboard The operational definition of a thing often relies on comparisons with standards: the operational definition of "mass" ultimately relies on the use of an artifact, such as a particular kilogram of platinum-iridium kept in a laboratory in France.HP Pavilion dv6-3022ee Laptop Keyboard The scientific definition of a term sometimes differs substantially from its natural language usage. For example, mass and weight overlap in meaning in common discourse, but have distinct meanings in mechanics. SONY VAIO VGN-CS17G/Q Laptop Keyboard Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work. New theories are sometimes developed after realizing certain terms have not previously been sufficiently clearly defined. For example,DELL PVDG3 Laptop Keyboard Albert Einstein's first paper on relativity begins by defining simultaneity and the means for determining length. These ideas were skipped over by Isaac Newton with, "I do not definetime, space, place and motion, as being well known to all." Einstein's paper then demonstrates that they (viz., absolute time and length independent of motion) were approximations.HP Mini 1001TU Laptop Keyboard Francis Crick cautions us that when characterizing a subject, however, it can be premature to define something when it remains ill-understood.SONY 148701322 Laptop Keyboard His cautionary example was the gene; the gene was much more poorly understood before Watson and Crick's pioneering discovery of the structure of DNA; it would have been counterproductive to spend much time on the definition of the gene, before them. HP G71-445US Laptop Keyboard An hypothesis is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon, or alternately a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between or among a set of phenomena. Normally hypotheses have the form of a mathematical model. Sometimes, but not always, they can also be formulated as existential statements, COMPAQ Presario CQ41-205TU Laptop Keyboard stating that some particular instance of the phenomenon being studied has some characteristic and causal explanations, which have the general form of universal statements, stating that every instance of the phenomenon has a particular characteristic.ACER Travelmate 8571 Laptop Keyboard Scientists are free to use whatever resources they have – their own creativity, ideas from other fields, induction, Bayesian inference, and so on – to imagine possible explanations for a phenomenon under study. Charles Sanders Peirce,HP Mini 110-1169TU Laptop Keyboard borrowing a page from Aristotle (Prior Analytics, 2.25) described the incipient stages of inquiry, instigated by the "irritation of doubt" to venture a plausible guess, as abductive reasoning. The history of science is filled with stories of scientists claiming a "flash of inspiration", or a hunch, HP AEUT3U00020 Laptop Keyboard which then motivated them to look for evidence to support or refute their idea. Michael Polanyimade such creativity the centerpiece of his discussion of methodology. William Glen observes that HP Pavilion DV7-3069wm Laptop Keyboard the success of a hypothesis, or its service to science, lies not simply in its perceived "truth", or power to displace, subsume or reduce a predecessor idea, but perhaps more in its ability to stimulate the research that will illuminate … bald suppositions and areas of vagueness.[66]HP 636376-001 Laptop Keyboard In general scientists tend to look for theories that are "elegant" or "beautiful". In contrast to the usual English use of these terms, they here refer to a theory in accordance with the known facts, which is nevertheless relatively simple and easy to handle. Occam's Razor serves as a rule of thumb for choosing the most desirable amongst a group of equally explanatory hypotheses.HP 576835-001 Laptop Keyboard Any useful hypothesis will enable predictions, by reasoning including deductive reasoning. It might predict the outcome of an experiment in a laboratory setting or the observation of a phenomenon in nature. The prediction can also be statistical and deal only with probabilities. HP G56-118CA Laptop Keyboard It is essential that the outcome of testing such a prediction be currently unknown. Only in this case does a successful outcome increase the probability that the hypothesis is true. If the outcome is already known, it is called a consequence and should have already been considered while formulating the hypothesis.TOSHIBA Satellite A200-1DN laptop keyboard, TOSHIBA 6037b0026805 laptop keyboard

Bacon's ideas were influential in the 1630s and 1650s

Bacon's ideas were influential in the 1630s and 1650s among scholars, in particular Sir Thomas Browne, who in his encyclopaediaPseudodoxiaEpidemica (1646–72)  Lenovo 3000 Y510a 15303 laptop keyboard frequently adheres to a Baconian approach to his scientific enquiries. During the Restoration, Bacon was commonly invoked as a guiding spirit of the Royal Society founded under Charles II in 1660.[41][42]During the 18th-century French Enlightenment, Lenovo 45N2106 laptop keyboard Bacon's non-metaphysical approach to science became more influential than the dualism of his French contemporary Descartes, and was associated with criticism of the ancien regime. In 1733 Voltaire"introduced him as the "father"SONY KFRMBA221A laptop keyboard of the scientific method" to a French audience, an understanding which had become widespread by 1750.[43] In the 19th century his emphasis on induction was revived and developed by William Whewell, among others. He has been reputed as the "Father of Experimental Science".[44]TOSHIBA Satellite M35X-S161 laptop keyboard Bacon is also considered to be the philosophical influence behind the dawning of the Industrial age.[45] In his works, Bacon called for a "spring of a progeny of inventions, which shall overcome, to some extent, and subdue our needs and miseries",[46] DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard always proposing that all scientific work should be done for charitable purposes, as matter of alleviating mankind's misery, and that therefore science should be practical and have as purpose the inventing of useful things for the improvement of mankind's estate.HP Pavilion dv5-1095eo laptop keyboard This changed the course of science in history, from a merely contemplative state, as it was found in ancient and medieval ages, to a practical, inventive state – that would have eventually led to the inventions that made possible the Industrial Revolutions of the following centuries.[47]SONY VAIO VGN-FS550 Laptop Keyboard He also wrote a long treatise on Medicine, History of Life and Death,[48] with natural and experimental observations for the prolongation of life. For one of his biographers, the historian William Hepworth Dixon, Bacon's influence in modern world is so great that every man who rides in a train, Dell Latitude E6500 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan sends a telegram, follows a steam plough, sits in an easy chair, crosses the channel or the Atlantic, eats a good dinner, enjoys a beautiful garden, or undergoes a painless surgical operation, owes him something.[49]SONY Vaio VGN-NR120Q Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Bacon's vision for a utopian New World in North America may have been laid out in his novel The New Atlantis, which takes place on a fictional island, Bensalem, in the Pacific Ocean between Peru and Japan.Toshiba Satellite A205-S5879 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Freedom of religion existed on Bensalem – a Jew is treated equally on an island of Christians – but whether New Atlantis influenced other reforms, such as women's rights, abolition of slavery, elimination of debtors' prisons, separation of church and state, and freedom of political expression, is a matter of debate.[50][51]HP KSB06105HA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan [page needed][52][page needed][53][page needed] There is no reference to any of these reforms in The New Atlantisitself; but his proposals for legal reform (which were not established during his lifetime) may have influenced the Napoleonic Code.[54]Toshiba Satellite L645D-S4056 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Bacon played a leading role in creating the British colonies, especially in Virginia, the Carolinas and Newfoundland in northeastern Canada. His government report on "The Virginia Colony" was submitted in 1609.HP Pavilion dv6-2016ax Laptop CPU Cooling Fan In 1610 Bacon and his associates received a charter from the king to form the Tresurer and the Companye of Adventurers and planter of the Cittye of London and Bristoll for the Collonye or plantacon in Newfoundland[55] SONY Vaio VGN-CR11S/P Laptop CPU Cooling Fan and sent John Guy to found a colony there. In 1910 Newfoundland issued a postage stamp to commemorate Bacon's role in establishing the province. The stamp describes Bacon as "the guiding spirit in Colonization Schemes in 1610."[23] HP Pavilion dv7-6b55dx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Moreover, some scholars believe he was largely responsible for the drafting, in 1609 and 1612, of two charters of government for the Virginia Colony.[56] Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence, wrote: "Bacon, Locke and Newton.APPLE MacBook Pro 15 inch MA610LL Laptop CPU Cooling Fan I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences".[57] William Hepworth Dixon considered that Bacon's name could be included in the list of Founders of the United States of America.[58]HP G71-340US Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The Rosicrucian organisation AMORC believes that Bacon's work The New Atlantis inspired a colony of Rosicrucian mystics led by Johannes Kelpius to sail to North America in the late 17th century. Kelpius and his followers settled on the shores ofWissahickon Creek, in the colony of Pennsylvania, where they became known as "HP Pavilion dv7-6166nr Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Hermits of Mystics of the Wissahickon" or simply "Monks of the Wissahickon".[59][60] According to AMORC, this and other Rosicrucian communities "...made valuable contributions to the newly-emerging American culture in the fields of printing, philosophy, the sciences, HP Pavilion dv6-3050et Laptop CPU Cooling Fan and arts".[61] Although much of his legal reform proposals were not established in his lifetime, his legal legacy was considered by the magazine New Scientist, in a publication of 1961, as having influenced the drafting of theNapoleonic Code, and the law reforms introduced by Sir Robert Peel.[62]Dell Vostro 3500 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The historian William Hepworth Dixon referred to the Napoleonic Code as "the sole embodiment of Bacon's thought", saying that Bacon's legal work "has had more success abroad than it has found at home", and that in France "it has blossomed and come into fruit".[54]HP KSB06105HA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The scholar Harvey Wheeler attributed to Bacon, in his work "Francis Bacon's Verulamium – the Common Law Template of The Modern in English Science and Culture", the creation of these distinguishing features of the modern common law system:HP Pavilion dv5-2135dx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan As late as the 18th century some juries still declared the law rather than the fact, but already before the end of the 17th century Sir Matthew Hale explained modern common law adjudication procedure and acknowledged Bacon as the inventor of the process of discovering unwritten laws from the evidences of their applications. HP Pavilion dv7t-6100 CTO Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The method combined empiricism and inductivism in a new way that was to imprint its signature on many of the distinctive features of modern English society.[63] In brief, Bacon is considered by some jurists[who?] to be the father of modern Jurisprudence.[64] James McClellan, a political scientist from the University of Virginia, considered Bacon to have had "a great following" in the American colonies.[65]Compaq Presario CQ61-435SA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan More recent scholarship on Bacon's jurisprudence has focused on his advocating torture as a legal recourse to the crown.[66] Bacon himself was not a stranger to the torture chamber: in his various legal capacities in both Elizabeth I’s and James I’s reigns, Bacon was listed as a commissioner on five torture warrants. ASUS X53S Laptop Keyboard In 1683, in letter addressed to King James I on the question of torture’s place within English law, Bacon identifies the scope of torture: a means to further the investigation of threats to the state: “In the cases of treasons, torture is used for discovery,DELL Vostro 1014 Laptop Keyboard and not for evidence."[67] For Bacon, torture was not a punitive measure, an intended form of state repression, but instead offered a modus operandi for the government agent tasked with uncovering acts of treason.TOSHIBA Satellite L300 Laptop Keyboard Francis Bacon often gathered with the men at Gray's Inn to discuss politics and philosophy, and to try out various theatrical scenes that he admitted writing.[68] Bacon's alleged connection to the Rosicrucians and the Freemasons has been widely discussed by authors and scholars in many books.[69] Compaq 6720s Laptop Keyboard However others, including Daphne du Maurier (in her biography of Bacon), have argued there is no substantive evidence to support claims of involvement with the Rosicrucians.[70] Frances Yates[71] does not make the claim that Bacon was a Rosicrucian, but presents evidence that he was nevertheless involved in some of the more closed intellectual movements of his day. SONY 147963021 Laptop Keyboard She argues that Bacon's movement for the advancement of learning was closely connected with the German Rosicrucian movement, while Bacon's New Atlantis portrays a land ruled by Rosicrucians. He apparently saw his own movement for the advancement of learning to be in conformity with Rosicrucian ideals.[72] ASUS A4000 Laptop Keyboard The link between Bacon's work and the Rosicrucians ideals which Yates allegedly found, was the conformity of the purposes expressed by the Rosicrucian Manifestos and Bacon's plan of a "Great Instauration",[72] Lenovo Thinkpad T520 Laptop Keyboard for the two were calling for a reformation of both "divine and human understanding",[d][73] as well as both had in view the purpose of mankind's return to the "state before the Fall".[e][f] Another major link is said to be the resemblance between Bacon's "New Atlantis" and the German Rosicrucian Johann ValentinAndreae's "Description of the Republic of Christianopolis (1619)".[74]TOSHIBA Satellite l20-101 Laptop Keyboard In his book, Andreae shows an utopic island in which Christian theosophy and applied science ruled, and in which the spiritual fulfilment and intellectual activity constituted the primary goals of each individual, the scientific pursuits being the highest intellectual calling – linked to the achievement of spiritual perfection. HP COMPAQ NX6310 Laptop Keyboard Andreae's island also depicts a great advancement in technology, with many industries separated in different zones which supplied the population's needs – which shows great resemblance to Bacon's scientific methods and purposes.[47][75]Compaq Presario CQ42-228LA Laptop Keyboard The Rosicrucian organisation AMORC claims that Bacon was the "Imperator" (leader) of the Rosicrucian Order in both England and the European continent, and would have directed it during his lifetime.[61] Bacon's influence can also be seen on a variety of religious and spiritual authors, and on groups that have utilised his writings in their own belief systems.[76][77][78][79][80] Compaq Presario CQ57 Series Laptop Keyboard The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurableevidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary defines the scientific method as: "HP G61-400SP Laptop Keyboard a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."[3]Compaq 6720s Laptop Keyboard The chief characteristic which distinguishes the scientific method from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself,[discuss] supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, HP Pavilion DV7-3065dx Laptop Keyboard identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. HP 519265-001 Laptop Keyboard These steps must be repeatable to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.HP 365485-001 Laptop Keyboard Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive, and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, TOSHIBA K000097460 Laptop Keyboard giving them the opportunity to verify the results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of the data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).HP 365485-001 Laptop Keyboard According to David Lindberg, Aristotle (4th Century BCE) wrote about the scientific method even if he and his followers did not actually follow what he said. Lindberg also notes that Ptolemy (2nd Century AD) and Ibn al-Haytham (11th Century AD) are among the early examples of people who carried out scientific experiments. [8]HP Pavilion dv6-2166ss laptop keyboard Also, John Losee writes that "the Physics and the Metaphysicscontain discussions of certain aspects of scientific method", of which, he says "Aristotle viewed scientific inquiry as a progression from observations to general principles and back to observations."[9]TOSHIBA Satellite P305-S8906 laptop keyboard The scientific method is the process by which science is carried out.[10] Because science builds on previous knowledge, it consistently improves our understanding of the world.[11] The scientific method also improves itself in the same way,[12] TOSHIBA Satellite U305-S5077 laptop keyboard meaning that it gradually becomes more effective at generating new knowledge.[13][14] For example, the concept of falsification (first proposed in 1934) reducesconfirmation bias by formalizing the attempt to disprove hypotheses rather than prove them.[15]Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 laptop keyboard The overall process involves making conjectures (hypotheses), deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments based on those predictions to determine whether the original conjecture was correct.[16] There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method, however. HP Pavilion dv6-2114sa laptop keyboard Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps, they are better considered as general principles.[17] Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry (or to the same degree), and are not always in the same order. TOSHIBA Tecra M9-S5514 laptop keyboard As noted by William Whewell (1794–1866), "invention, sagacity, [and] genius"[18] are required at every step: SONY VAIO VGN-FS940 laptop keyboard Formulation of a question: The question can refer to the explanation of a specific observation, as in "Why is the sky blue?", but can also be open-ended, as in "How can I design a drug to cure this particular disease?" HP Mini 210-1101TU Laptop Keyboard This stage also involves looking up and evaluating evidence from previous experiments, personal scientific observations or assertions, and/or the work of other scientists. If the answer is already known, SONY VAIO VGN-CR42S Laptop Keyboard a different question that builds on the previous evidence can be posed. When applying the scientific method to scientific research, determining a good question can be very difficult and affects the final outcome of the investigation.[19]HP Pavilion dv6-2112sa Laptop Keyboard Hypothesis: An hypothesis is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question, that may explain the observed behavior of a part of our universe. The hypothesis might be very specific, e.g.,HP G71-343US Laptop Keyboard Einstein's equivalence principle orFrancis Crick's "DNA makes RNA makes protein",[20] or it might be broad, e.g., unknown species of life dwell in the unexplored depths of the oceans. A statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about some population. For example, the population might be people with a particular disease. ACER Aspire One D150-1920 Laptop Keyboard

Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St. Alban,[1][a] QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, essayist, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. HP G62-361TX Laptop Keyboard After his death, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the creator of empiricism.[4] DELL Inspiron 6400 Laptop Keyboard His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method, or simply the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today.SONY 147963021 Laptop Keyboard Bacon was knighted in 1603 (being the first scientist to receive a knighthood), and created Baron Verulam in 1618 and Viscount St. Alban in 1621;[b] as he died without heirs, both peerages became extinct upon his death. He famously died by contracting pneumonia while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat.HP 441541-001 Laptop Keyboard Francis Bacon was born on 22 January 1561 at York House near the Strand in London, the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon by his second wife, Anne (Cooke) Bacon, the daughter of the noted humanist Anthony Cooke. His mother’s sister was married toWilliam Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, making Burghley Bacon’s uncle.HP Pavilion dv6-3178ee Laptop Keyboard Biographers believe that Bacon was educated at home in his early years owing to poor health, which would plague him throughout his life. He received tuition from John Walsall, a graduate of Oxford with a strong leaning toward Puritanism. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, on 5 April 1573 at the age of 12,[5] Lenovo 45N2106 Laptop Keyboard living for three years there, together with his older brother Anthony Bacon under the personal tutelage of Dr John Whitgift, future Archbishop of Canterbury. Bacon’s education was conducted largely in Latin and followed the medieval curriculum.DELL NSK-DG101 Laptop Keyboard He was also educated at the University of Poitiers. It was at Cambridge that he first met Queen Elizabeth, who was impressed by his precocious intellect, and was accustomed to calling him "The young lord keeper".[6]HP 640436-001 Laptop Keyboard His studies brought him to the belief that the methods and results of science as then practised were erroneous. His reverence for Aristotle conflicted with his loathing of Aristotelian philosophy, which seemed to him barren, disputatious, and wrong in its objectives.ASUS F6A Laptop Keyboard On 27 June 1576, he and Anthony entered de societatemagistrorum at Gray's Inn. A few months later, Francis went abroad with Sir AmiasPaulet, the English ambassador at Paris, while Anthony continued his studies at home. The state of government and society in France under Henry III afforded him valuable political instruction. HP G72-110SA Laptop Keyboard For the next three years he visited Blois, Poitiers, Tours, Italy, and Spain. During his travels, Bacon studied language, statecraft, and civil law while performing routine diplomatic tasks. On at least one occasion he delivered diplomatic letters to England for Walsingham, Burghley, and Leicester, as well as for the queen.TOSHIBA NSK-TN0SV Laptop Keyboard The sudden death of his father in February 1579 prompted Bacon to return to England. Sir Nicholas had laid up a considerable sum of money to purchase an estate for his youngest son, but he died before doing so, and Francis was left with only a fifth of that money.Lenovo 3000 Y500 Laptop Keyboard Having borrowed money, Bacon got into debt. To support himself, he took up his residence in law at Gray's Inn in 1579. His parliamentary career began when he was elected MP for Bossiney, Devon, in a by-election in 1581. In 1584 he took his seat in parliament for Melcombe in Dorset,HP Mini 210-1135LA Laptop Keyboard and in 1586 for Taunton. At this time, he began to write on the condition of parties in the church, as well as on the topic of philosophical reform in the lost tract TemporisPartus Maximus. Yet he failed to gain a position that he thought would lead him to success. HP 365485-001 Laptop Keyboard He showed signs of sympathy to Puritanism, attending the sermons of the Puritan chaplain of Gray’s Inn and accompanying his mother to the Temple Church to hear Walter Travers. This led to the publication of his earliest surviving tract, which criticised the English church’s suppression of the Puritan clergy. In the Parliament of 1586, he openly urged execution for the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots.HP AELX9U00110 Laptop Keyboard About this time, he again approached his powerful uncle for help; this move was followed by his rapid progress at the bar. He became Bencher in 1586, and he was elected a Reader in 1587, delivering his first set of lectures in Lent the following year.DELL Studio 1458 Laptop Keyboard In 1589, he received the valuable appointment of reversion to the Clerkship of the Star Chamber, although he did not formally take office until 1608; the post was worth £1,600 a year.[7]HP Mini 1001TU Laptop Keyboard In 1588 he became MP for Liverpool and then for Middlesex in 1593. He later sat three times for Ipswich (1597, 1601, 1604) and once for Cambridge University (1614).[8]SAMSUNG N150 Laptop Keyboard He became known as a liberal-minded reformer, eager to amend and simplify the law. Though a friend of the crown, he opposed feudal privileges and dictatorial powers. He spoke against religious persecution. He struck at the House of Lords in its usurpation of the Money Bills. He advocated for the union of England and Scotland,ACER Aspire 5742 Laptop Keyboard which made him a significant influence toward the consolidation of the United Kingdom; and he also advocated, later on, the integration of Ireland into the Union. Closer constitutional ties, he believed, would bring greater peace and strength to these countries.[9][10] Compaq Presario CQ42-228LA Laptop Keyboard Bacon soon became acquainted with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Queen Elizabeth's favourite. By 1591 he acted as the earl’s confidential adviser. In 1592 he was commissioned to write a tract in response to the Jesuit Robert Parson’s anti-government polemic, which he titled Certain observations made upon a libel, identifying England with the ideals of democratic Athens against the belligerence of Spain.TOSHIBA Satellite L755-S9513BN laptop keyboard Bacon took his third parliamentary seat for Middlesex when in February 1593 Elizabeth summoned Parliament to investigate a Roman Catholic plot against her. Bacon’s opposition to a bill that would levy triple subsidies in half the usual time offended the Queen: opponents accused him of seeking popularity, and for a time the Court excluded him from favour.[11]SONY VAIO VGN-CR23G laptop keyboard When the Attorney-Generalship fell vacant in 1594, Lord Essex’s influence was not enough to secure Bacon that office, which was given to Sir Edward Coke. Likewise, Bacon failed to secure the lesser office of Solicitor General in 1595, the Queen pointedly snubbing him by appointing Sir Thomas Fleming instead.[7] To console him for these disappointments, Essex presented him with a property at Twickenham, which he sold subsequently for £1,800.HP Pavilion dv6-3131tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan In 1596 Bacon became Queen’s Counsel, but missed the appointment of Master of the Rolls. During the next few years, his financial situation remained embarrassing. His friends could find no public office for him, and a scheme for retrieving his position by a marriage with the wealthy and young widow Lady Elizabeth HP 622029-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Hatton failed after she broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to a wealthier man. In 1598 Bacon was arrested for debt. Afterward, however, his standing in the Queen’s eyes improved. Gradually, Bacon earned the standing of one of the learned counsels,Toshiba Satellite L675D-S7047 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan though he had no commission or warrant, and received no salary. His relationship with the Queen further improved when he severed ties with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, a shrewd move, as Essex was executed for treason in 1601.HP Pavilion dv7-4170ez Laptop CPU Cooling Fan With others, Bacon was appointed to investigate the charges against Essex, his former friend and benefactor. A number of Essex’s followers confessed that Essex had planned a rebellion against the Queen.[12] Bacon was subsequently a part of the legal team headed by the Attorney General Sir Edward Coke at Essex's treason trial.[12] HP Pavilion dv4-1506tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan After the execution, the Queen ordered Bacon to write the official government account of the trial, which was later published as A DECLARATION of the Practices and Treasons attempted and committed by Robert late Earle of Essex and his Complices, against her Majestie and her Kingdoms ... after Bacon’s first draft was heavily edited by the Queen and her ministers.[13]Compaq Presario CQ61-411WM Laptop CPU Cooling Fan According to his personal secretary and chaplain William Rawley, as a judge Bacon was always tender-hearted, “looking upon the examples with the eye of severity, but upon the person with the eye of pity and compassion”. And also that “he was free from malice”, “no revenger of injuries”, and “no defamer of any man.”[14]IBM FRU 46L4753 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The succession of James I brought Bacon into greater favour. He was knighted in 1603. In another shrewd move, Bacon wrote his Apologies in defence of his proceedings in the case of Essex, as Essex had favoured James to succeed to the throne.HP Pavilion dv6-3190sf Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The following year, during the course of the uneventful first parliament session, Bacon married Alice Barnham. In June 1607 he was at last rewarded with the office of solicitor general.[7] The following year,HP G42-415DX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan he began working as the Clerkship of the Star Chamber. Despite a generous income, old debts still couldn’t be paid. He sought further promotion and wealth by supporting King James and his arbitrary policies.HP 646578-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan In 1610 the fourth session of James’s first parliament met. Despite Bacon’s advice to him, James and the Commons found themselves at odds over royal prerogatives and the king’s embarrassing extravagance. The House was finally dissolved in February 1611.HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan Throughout this period Bacon managed to stay in the favour of the king while retaining the confidence of the Commons. In 1613 Bacon was finally appointed attorney general, after advising the king to shuffle judicial appointments. As attorney general, Bacon successfully prosecuted Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, and his wife, Frances Howard, Countess of Somerset, for murder in 1616. DELL Vostro 1510 Laptop Keyboard The so-called Prince’s Parliament of April 1614 objected to Bacon’s presence in the seat for Cambridgeand to the various royal plans that Bacon had supported. Although he was allowed to stay, parliament passed a law that forbade the attorney general to sit in parliament. His influence over the king had evidently inspired resentment or apprehension in many of his peers. ACER Aspire One D150-1920 Laptop Keyboard Bacon, however, continued to receive the King’s favour, which led to his appointment in March 1617 as the temporary Regent of England (for a period of a month), and in 1618 as Lord Chancellor. On 12 July 1618 the king created Bacon Baron Verulam, of Verulam, in the Peerage of England. As a new peer he then styled himself as Francis, Lord Verulam.[7]HP Pavilion dv3-2106tu Laptop Keyboard Bacon continued to use his influence with the king to mediate between the throne and Parliament, and in this capacity he was further elevated in the same peerage, as Viscount St Alban, on 27 January 1621.[a] TOSHIBA Qosmio F20 Series Laptop Keyboard Bacon’s public career ended in disgrace in 1621. After he fell into debt, a parliamentary committee on the administration of the law charged him with 23 separate counts of corruption. His lifelong enemy, Sir Edward Coke,HP Pavilion dv3-2310ea Laptop Keyboard who had instigated these accusations,[15] was one of those appointed to prepare the charges against the chancellor.[16] To the lords, who sent a committee to enquire whether a confession was really his, he replied, “My lords, it is my act, my hand, and my heart; I beseech your lordships to be merciful to a broken reed.”SONY Vaio VGN-FZ21E Laptop CPU Cooling Fan He was sentenced to a fine of £40,000 and committed to the Tower of London at the king’s pleasure; the imprisonment lasted only a few days and the fine was remitted by the king.[17] SONY KFRMBA220A laptop keyboard More seriously, parliament declared Bacon incapable of holding future office or sitting in parliament. He narrowly escaped undergoing degradation, which would have stripped him of his titles of nobility. Subsequently, the disgraced viscount devoted himself to study and writing.IBM 42T4026 laptop keyboard There seems little doubt that Bacon had accepted gifts from litigants, but this was an accepted custom of the time and not necessarily evidence of deeply corrupt behaviour.[18] While acknowledging that his conduct had been lax, he countered that he had never allowed gifts to influence his judgement and, indeed, he had on occasion given a verdict against those who had paid him. He even had an interview with King James in which he assured:HP Pavilion DV7-3067cl laptop keyboard The law of nature teaches me to speak in my own defence: With respect to this charge of bribery I am as innocent as any man born on St. Innocents Day. I never had a bribe or reward in my eye or thought when pronouncing judgment or order... I am ready to make an oblation of myself to the KingHP 6730S laptop keyboard —17 April 1621[19] He had also wrote the following to Buckingham: My mind is calm, for my fortune is not my felicity. I know I have clean hands and a clean heart, and I hope a clean house for friends or servants; but Job himself, or whoever was the justest judge, by such hunting for matters against him as hath been used against me, may for a time seem foul, especially in a time when greatness is the mark and accusation is the game.[20]TOSHIBA Satellite L775-S7130 laptop keyboard The true reason for his acknowledgement of guilt is the subject of debate, but some authors speculate that it may have been prompted by his sickness, or by a view that through his fame and the greatness of his office he would be spared harsh punishment. He may even have been blackmailed, with a threat to charge him with sodomy, into confession.[18][21]SONY Vaio PCG-K415B laptop keyboard The British jurist Basil Montagu wrote in Bacon’s defence, concerning the episode of his public disgrace: Bacon has been accused of servility, of dissimulation, of various base motives, and their filthy brood of base actions, TOSHIBA Satellite L755D-S5359 laptop keyboard all unworthy of his high birth, and incompatible with his great wisdom, and the estimation in which he was held by the noblest spirits of the age. It is true that there were men in his own time, and will be men in all times, who are better pleased to count spots in the sun than to rejoice in its glorious brightness. HP Pavilion dv6-2170ee laptop keyboard Such men have openly libelled him, like Dewes and Weldon, whose falsehoods were detected as soon as uttered, or have fastened upon certain ceremonious compliments and dedications, the fashion of his day, as a sample of his servility, passing over his noble letters to the Queen, his lofty contempt for the Lord Keeper Puckering,Compaq Presario CQ56-109WM laptop keyboard his open dealing with Sir Robert Cecil, and with others, who, powerful when he was nothing, might have blighted his opening fortunes for ever, forgetting his advocacy of the rights of the people in the face of the court, and the true and honest counsels, always given by him, in times of great difficulty, both to Elizabeth and her successor.  Compaq Presario CQ56-109WM laptop keyboard When was a "base sycophant" loved and honoured by piety such as that of Herbert, Tennison, and Rawley, by noble spirits like Hobbes, Ben Jonson, and Selden, or followed to the grave, and beyond it, with devoted affection such as that of Sir Thomas Meautys.[22]HP Mini 210 laptop keyboard When he was 36, Bacon engaged in the courtship of Elizabeth Hatton, a young widow of 20. Reportedly, she broke off their relationship upon accepting marriage to a wealthier man, Bacon's rival, Edward Coke. Years later, Bacon still wrote of his regret that the marriage to Hatton had not taken place.[23]IBM 42T3671 laptop keyboard At the age of 45, Bacon married Alice Barnham, the 14-year-old daughter of a well-connected London alderman and MP. Bacon wrote two sonnets proclaiming his love for Alice. The first was written during his courtship and the second on his wedding day, 10 May 1606. When Bacon was appointed lord chancellor, “by special Warrant of the King,” Lady Bacon was given precedence over all other Court ladies.TOSHIBA Satellite P305-S8906 laptop keyboard Reports of increasing friction in his marriage to Alice appeared, with speculation that some of this may have been due to financial resources not being as readily available to her as she was accustomed to having in the past. Alice was reportedly interested in fame and fortune, and when reserves of money were no longer available, there were complaints about where all the money was going. Alice Chambers Bunten wrote in her Life of Alice Barnham[24] that,Compaq Presario CQ56 laptop keyboard upon their descent into debt, she actually went on trips to ask for financial favours and assistance from their circle of friends. Bacon disinherited her upon discovering her secret romantic relationship with Sir John Underhill. He rewrote his will, which had previously been very generous, leaving her lands, goods, and income; he revoked it all.Compaq Presario CQ56 laptop keyboard Bacon’s personal secretary and chaplain, William Rawley, however, wrote in his biography of Bacon that his intermarriage with Alice Barnham was one of “much conjugal love and respect”, mentioning a robe of honour that he gave to her, and which “she wore unto her dying day, being twenty years and more after his death”.[14]Lenovo 3000 Y500 laptop keyboard The well-connected antiquary John Aubrey noted in his Brief Lives concerning Bacon, "He was a Pederast. His Ganimeds and Favouritestooke Bribes",[25] biographers continue to debate about Bacon's sexual inclinations and the precise nature of his personal relationships.[c] ACER KB.T3007.001 laptop keyboard Several authors[26][27] believe that despite his marriage, Bacon was primarily attracted to the same sex. Forker,[28] for example, has explored the "historically documentable sexual preferences" of both King James and Bacon,DELL Inspiron N4050 laptop keyboard and concluded they were all oriented to "masculine love", a contemporary term that "seems to have been used exclusively to refer to the sexual preference of men for members of their own gender."[29] The Jacobean antiquarian SirSimondsD'Ewes implied there had been a question of bringing him to trial for buggery.[30] ASUS M51SE Laptop CPU Cooling Fan This conclusion has been disputed by others,[12][31][32][33][34] who point to lack of consistent evidence, and consider the sources to be more open to interpretation. In his “New Atlantis,” Bacon describes his utopian island as being "the chastest nation under heaven", in which there was no prostitution or adultery, and further saying that "as for masculine love, they have no touch of it".[35]HP G42-415DX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan On 9 April 1626 Bacon died of pneumonia while at Arundel mansion at Highgate outside London. An influential account of the circumstances of his death was given by John Aubrey’s Brief Lives. Aubrey has been criticised for his evident credulousness in this and other works; on the other hand, he knew Thomas Hobbes, Bacon's fellow-philosopher and friendHP 441541-001 Laptop Keyboard Aubrey's vivid account, which portrays Bacon as a martyr to experimental scientific method, had him journeying to Highgate through the snow with the King’s physician when he is suddenly inspired by the possibility of using the snow to preserve meat: “SONY VGN-FE770G laptop keyboard They were resolved they would try the experiment presently. They alighted out of the coach and went into a poor woman’s house at the bottom of Highgate hill, and bought a fowl, and made the womanexenterate it.” HP G71-343US laptop keyboard After stuffing the fowl with snow, Bacon contracted a fatal case of pneumonia. Some people, including Aubrey, consider these two contiguous, possibly coincidental events as related and causative of his death: SONY VAIO VGN NR240E laptop keyboard "The Snow so chilled him that he immediately fell so extremely ill, that he could not return to his Lodging... but went to the Earle of Arundel’s house at Highgate, where they put him into... a damp bed that had not been layn-in... which gave him such a cold that in 2 or 3 days as I remember Mr Hobbes told me, he died of Suffocation."SONY VGN-FE770G laptop keyboard Being unwittingly on his deathbed, the philosopher wrote his last letter to his absent host and friend Lord Arundel: My very good Lord,—I was likely to have had the fortune of Caius Plinius the elder, who lost his life by trying an experiment about the burning of Mount Vesuvius; DELL NSK-D8C01 laptop keyboard for I was also desirous to try an experiment or two touching the conservation and induration of bodies. As for the experiment itself, it succeeded excellently well; but in the journey between London and Highgate, I was taken with such a fit of casting as I know not whether it were the Stone, or some surfeit or cold, or indeed a touch of them all three.Acer eMachines G730Z laptop keyboard But when I came to your Lordship's House, I was not able to go back, and therefore was forced to take up my lodging here, where your housekeeper is very careful and diligent about me, which I assure myself your Lordship will not only pardon towards him,Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E520 laptop keyboard but think the better of him for it. For indeed your Lordship's House was happy to me, and I kiss your noble hands for the welcome which I am sure you give me to it. I know how unfit it is for me to write with any other hand than mine own, but by my troth my fingers are so disjointed with sickness that I cannot steadily hold a pen.[36]SONY VAIO VGN NR240E laptop keyboard Another account appears in a biography by William Rawley, Bacon's personal secretary and chaplain: He died on the ninth day of April in the year 1626, in the early morning of the day then celebrated for our Saviour's resurrection, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, at the Earl of Arundel's house in Highgate, near London, to which place he casually repaired about a week before; SONY VAIO VGN-C2S Series laptop keyboard God so ordaining that he should die there of a gentle fever, accidentally accompanied with a great cold, whereby the defluxion of rheum fell so plentifully upon his breast, that he died by suffocation.[37] At the news of his death, over 30 great minds collected together their eulogies of him, which was then later published in Latin.[38]TOSHIBA Satellite U305-S7446 laptop keyboard He left personal assets of about £7,000 and lands that realised £6,000 when sold.[39] His debts amounted to more than £23,000, equivalent to more than £3m at current value.[39][40]