Wednesday, February 16, 2011

Windows Mobile

Windows Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft that was used in smartphones and mobile devices, but is being currently phased out to specialized markets. It is superseded by Windows Phone 7 (Dell XPS M1210 Battery) http://www.hdd-shop.co.uk.

The current and last version is "Windows Mobile 6.5". It is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, and features a suite of basic applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API. It is designed to be somewhat similar to desktop versions of Windows, feature-wise and aesthetically Dell Studio XPS 1640 Battery .

Additionally, third-party software development is available for Windows Mobile, and software applications can be purchased via the Windows Marketplace for Mobile.

Originally appearing as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system, most Windows Mobile devices come with a stylus pen, which is used to enter commands by tapping it on the screen Dell Vostro 1710 Battery .

Microsoft announced a completely new phone platform, Windows Phone 7, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona on February 15, 2010. Phones running Windows Mobile 6.x will not be upgradeable to version 7.

Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market has fallen year-on-year, decreasing 20% in Q3 2009 Dell KM958 battery .

It is the 5th most popular smartphone operating system, with a 5% share of the worldwide smartphone market (after Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iPhone).In the United States, it is the 3rd most popular smartphone operating system for business use (after BlackBerry OS and iPhone), with a 24% share among enterprise users Dell Studio 1555 battery.

Microsoft is phasing out Windows Mobile to specialized markets, such as rugged devices, and focusing on its new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7.

Windows Mobile for Pocket PC carries these standard features in most of its versions Sony VGP-BPS13 battery :

  • Today Screen shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mail messages, and tasks. (Is now Home screen in later WM6.5 builds)
  • The taskbar shows the current time and the volume Sony VGP-BPS13/B battery .
  • Office Mobile a suite of Mobile versions of Microsoft Office applications
  • Outlook Mobile comes with Windows Mobile.
  • Internet Explorer Mobile is an Internet browser developed by Microsoft for Pocket PC and Handheld PC that comes loaded by default with Windows Mobile and Windows CE for Handheld PC Sony VGP-BPS13/S battery .
  • Windows Media Player for Windows Mobile.
  • Client for PPTP VPNs.
  • Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) which in mobile phones allows attached computers to share internet connections via USB and Bluetooth Sony VGP-BPS13A/B battery .
  • Coherent file system similar to that of Windows 9x/Windows NT and support for many of the same file types.
  • Ability to multitask.

There are three versions of Windows Mobile for various hardware devices Sony VGP-BPS13B/B battery :

  • Windows Mobile Professional runs on (smartphones) with touchscreens
  • Windows Mobile Standard runs on phones with regular screens
  • Windows Mobile Classic which runs on 'Windows Mobile Classic devices' (Pocket PCs) Sony VGP-BPL9 battery .

Windows Mobile Classic devices (Pocket PC)

A 'Windows Mobile Classic device' is a Windows Mobile personal digital assistant (PDA) that does not have telephone functionality. It was formerly known as the Pocket PC. It was the original intended platform for the Windows Mobile operating system Sony VGP-BPS13B/B battery .

These devices consisted of both standalone Pocket PC devices without mobile phone capabilities, and those that included mobile phone capabilities. The most current name of Windows Mobile intended for use on Pocket PCs is officially "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" Sony VGP-BPL15 battery

for devices with mobile phone capabilities and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for devices without mobile phone capabilities.

Windows Mobile Smartphones

The 'Windows Mobile' (Microsoft's term for its range of smartphones) became the next hardware platform after the Pocket PC to run Windows Mobile, and debuted with the release of Pocket PC 2002 Dell Inspiron E1505 battery .

Although in the broad sense of the term "Smartphone", both Pocket PC phones and Microsoft branded Smartphones each fit into this category, it should be noted that Microsoft's use of the term "Smartphone" includes only more specific hardware devices that differ from Pocket PC phones Dell Latitude E6400 battery .

Such Smartphones were originally designed without touchscreens, intended to be operated more efficiently with only one hand, and typically had lower display resolution than Pocket PCs. Microsoft's focus for the Smartphone platform was to create a device that functioned well as a phone and data device in a more integrated manner HP Pavilion dv6000 Battery .

Pocket PC 2000

Pocket PC 2000, originally codenamed "Rapier", was released on April 19, 2000, and was based on Windows CE 3.0. It was the debut of what was later dubbed the Windows Mobile operating system, and meant to be a successor to the operating system aboard Palm-Size PCs SONY VAIO VGN-FZ Battery .

Backwards compatibility was retained with such Palm-Size PC applications. Pocket PC 2000 was intended mainly for Pocket PC devices, however several Palm-Size PC devices had the ability to be updated also. Further, several Pocket PC 2000 phones were released, however Microsoft's "Smartphone" hardware platform was not yet created SONY VAIO VGN-FZ18 Battery .

The only resolution supported by this release was 240 x 320 (QVGA). Removable storage card formats that were supported were CompactFlash andMultiMediaCard. At this time Pocket PC devices had not been standardized with a specific CPU architecture. As a result, Pocket PC 2000 was released on multiple CPU architectures; SH-3, MIPS, and ARM SONY VAIO VGN-FZ21E Battery .

Aesthetically, the original Pocket PC operating system was similar to Windows 98, Windows Me, and Windows 2000 operating systems.

Features/built-in applications for Pocket PC 2000 included the following SONY VAIO VGN-FW21E Battery :

  • Pocket Office
  • Pocket Internet Explorer
  • Windows Media Player
  • Microsoft Reader
  • Microsoft Money
  • Notes, a written and sound note-taking application supported by most versions of Windows Mobile
  • Character recognition support SONY VAIO VGN-NR11M/S Battery
  • Infrared (IR) File beaming capability

Pocket PC 2002

Pocket PC 2002, originally codenamed "Merlin", was released in October 2001. Like Pocket PC 2000, it was powered by Windows CE 3.0 SONY VAIO VGN-NR11Z/S Battery .

Although targeted mainly for 240 × 320 (QVGA) Pocket PC devices, Pocket PC 2002 was also used for Pocket PC phones, and for the first time, Smartphones. These Pocket PC 2002 Smartphones were mainly GSM devices SONY VAIO VGN-NR11Z/T Battery .

With future releases, the Pocket PC and Smartphone lines would increasingly collide as the licensing terms were relaxed allowing OEMs to take advantage of more innovative, individual design ideas. Aesthetically, Pocket PC 2002 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows XP Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21E Battery .

New features/built-in applications included the following:

  • Enhanced UI with theme support
  • Spell checker and Word count tool in Pocket Word
  • Savable downloads and WAP in Pocket Internet Explorer
  • Virtual Private Networking support Sony VAIO VGN-FW21E Battery
  • Synchronization of folders
  • MSN Messenger
  • Terminal Services
  • Windows Media Player 8 with streaming capability Sony VAIO VGN-NR11S/S Battery
  • Microsoft Reader 2
  • Palm OS support for file beaming
  • Improved Pocket Outlook
  • Digital rights management (DRM) support in Microsoft Reader Sony VAIO VGN-NR11Z/S Battery

Windows Mobile 2003

Windows Mobile 2003 (aka wm2003 and WM2003), originally codenamed "Ozone", was released on June 23, 2003, and was the first release under the Windows Mobile banner Sony VAIO VGN-NR11M/S Battery .

It came in four editions: "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Premium Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Professional Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphone" and "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition". The last was designed especially for Pocket PCs which include phone functionalities. The Professional Edition was used in Pocket PC budget models Sony VAIO VGN-NR11Z/T Battery .

It lacked a number of features that were in the Premium Edition, such as a client forL2TP/IPsec VPNs. Windows Mobile 2003 was powered by Windows CE 4.20.

New features/built-in applications included the following SONY VAIO VGN-FZ180E Battery :

  • Support for add-on keyboards
  • Enhanced communications interface with Bluetooth device management
  • Bluetooth file beaming support
  • Bluetooth headset support SONY VAIO VGN-FZ220E Battery
  • Pictures application with viewing, cropping, e-mail, and beaming support
  • Jawbreaker game
  • Enhanced Pocket Outlook with vCard and vCal support
  • Improved Pocket Internet Explorer SONY VAIO VGN-FZ340E Battery
  • Windows Media Player 9.0 with streaming optimization
  • SMS reply options for Phone Edition
  • MIDI file support as ringtones in Phone Edition SONY VAIO VGN-FZ430E Battery

Windows Mobile 2003 SE

Windows Mobile 2003 Second Edition, also known as "Windows Mobile 2003 SE", was released on March 24, 2004 and first offered on the Dell Axim x30. This was the last version which allowed users to backup and restore an entire device through ActiveSync SONY VAIO VGN-FZ460E Battery .

New features/built-in applications included the following:

  • Portrait and Landscape switching for Pocket PCs
  • Single-Column layout in Pocket Internet Explorer SONY VAIO VGN-FZ480E Battery
  • VGA (640×480), 176?220, 240x240, 480x480 Screen resolution
  • Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) support

Windows Mobile 5

Windows Mobile 5.0, originally codenamed "Magneto",was released at Microsoft's Mobile and Embedded Developers Conference 2005 in Las Vegas, May 9–May 12, 2005 SONY VAIO VGN-FZ4000 Battery .

Microsoft offered mainstream support for Windows Mobile 5 through October 12, 2010, and extended support through October 13, 2015. It was first offered on the Dell Axim x51. It used the .NET Compact Framework 1.0 SP3 — an environment for programs based on .NET SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31E Battery .

  • Windows Mobile 5.0 included Microsoft Exchange Server "push" functionality improvements that worked with Exchange 2003 SP2. The "push" functionality also required vendor/device support With AKU2 software upgrades all WM 5.0 devices supported DirectPush SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31B Battery .
  • WM 5.0 featured increased battery life due to Persistent storage capability. Previously up to 50% (enough for 72 hours of storage) of battery power was reserved just to maintain data in volatile RAM. This continued the trend of Windows-based devices moving from using RAM as their primary storage medium to the use of a combination of RAM and flash memory (in use, no distinction between the two is obvious to users) SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31J Battery .
  • Programs and frequently accessed data run in RAM, while most storage is in the flash memory. The OS seamlessly moves data between the two as needed. Everything is backed up in the flash memory, so unlike prior devices, WM5 devices lose no data if power is lost SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31M Battery .
  • With Windows Mobile 5.0, OS updates were released as Adaptation kit upgrades. AKU 3.5 is the most recent release for WM 5.0.

Further new features and built-in applications included:

  • New version of Office called "Office Mobile"
  • Windows Media Player 10 Mobile
  • Photo Caller ID SONY VAIO VGN-FZ38M Battery
  • DirectShow support
  • Picture and Video package, which converged the management of videos and pictures
  • Enhanced Bluetooth support
  • Global Positioning System (GPS) management interface SONY VGP-BPS8 Battery
  • Default QWERTY keyboard-support
  • Error reporting facility similar to that present in desktop and server Windows systems
  • ActiveSync 4.2 with 15% increased synchronization speed SONY VGP-BPS13/S Battery

Windows Mobile 6

Windows Mobile 6, formerly codenamed "Crossbow", was released on February 12, 2007 at the 3GSM World Congress 2007. It comes in three different versions: "Windows Mobile 6 Standard" for Smartphones (phones without touchscreens), "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for Pocket PCs with phone functionality, and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for Pocket PCs without cellular radios SONY VGP-BPS13A/B Battery .

Windows Mobile 6 is powered by Windows CE 5.0 (version 5.2) and is strongly linked to Windows Live and Exchange 2007 products. Windows Mobile 6 Standard was first offered on the Orange's SPV E650, while Windows Mobile 6 Professional was first offered on the O2's Xda Terra SONY VGP-BPS13B/B Battery .

Aesthetically, Windows Mobile 6 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows Vista. Functionally, it works much like Windows Mobile 5, but with much better stability.

New features/built-in applications include the following SONY VGP-BPS13A/S Battery :

  • 320x320 and 800x480 (WVGA) screen resolution support (The S01SH or "Em One" by Sharp was the first and only device to have a 800x480 screen on WM5)
  • Office Mobile support for Smartphones
  • Operating System Live Update SONY VGP-BPS13AS Battery
  • Improved Remote Desktop access (Available for only certain Pocket PCs)
  • VoIP (Internet calling) support with AEC (Acoustic Echo Cancelling) and MSRT Audio Codec
  • Windows Live for Windows Mobile
  • Customer Feedback option Dell Inspiron 1320n Battery
  • Enhanced Microsoft Bluetooth Stack
  • Storage Card Encryption (encryption keys are lost if device is cold-booted).
  • Smartfilter for searching within programs
  • Improved Internet Sharing
  • HTML email support in Outlook Mobile Dell Inspiron 1464 Battery
  • Search ability for contacts in an Exchange Server Address Book
  • AJAX, JavaScript, and XMLDOM support on Internet Explorer Mobile
  • Out of Office Replies with Microsoft Exchange 2007
  • Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) support for select operators
  • Server Search on Microsoft Exchange 2007 Dell Inspiron 1564 Battery
  • .NET Compact Framework v2 SP2 Preinstalled in ROM
  • Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Compact Edition Preinstalled in ROM
  • OneNote Mobile as a companion to Microsoft Office OneNote
  • Office Mobile 6.1 announced with support for Office 2007 document formats (pptx, docx, xlsx) Dell Inspiron 1764 Battery .

Windows Mobile 6.1

Windows Mobile 6.1 was announced April 1, 2008. It is a minor upgrade to the existing Windows Mobile 6 platform which brings with it various performance enhancements, a redesigned Home screen featuring horizontal tiles that expand on clicking to display more information, although this new home screen is featured only on Windows Mobile Standard edition Dell Studio 1450 Battery .

This feature was inexplicably left out of the Professional edition. Several other changes such as threaded SMS, full page zooming in Internet Explorer and 'Domain Enroll' have also been added, along with a "mobile" version of the Microsoft OneNote program and an interactive "Getting Started" wizard Dell Studio 1457 Battery .

Domain Enroll is functionality to connect the device to System Center Mobile Device Manager 2008, a product to manage mobile devices. There are other differences also. The most obvious for users is that the Standard version (like prior versions) still creates automatic links for telephone numbers in Tasks and Appointments Dell Latitude D610 Battery ,

which allows for the easier click and dial of stored telephone numbers within these Outlook items. For some reason, the Professional version has eliminated this important feature. Windows Mobile 6.1 also featured improved bandwidth efficiency in its push-email protocol "Activesync" of "up to 40%", this reduced data usage was the cause of considerably improved battery life in many devices Toshiba NB100 Battery .

Aside from the visual and feature distinctions, the underlying CE versions can be used to differentiate WM6.0 from WM 6.1. The version of Windows CE in WM 6.0 is 5.2.*, with the final number being a 4 digit build ID (e.g. 5.2.1622 on HTC Wing). In WM 6.1, the CE version is 5.2.* with a 5 digit build number (e.g. 5.2.19216 on Palm Treo 800w) Toshiba Satellite M65 battery .

Windows Mobile 6.5

Windows Mobile 6.5 was never part of Microsoft's mobile phone roadmap, and has been described by its chief executive, Steve Ballmer, as "not the full release [Microsoft] wanted" until the multi-touch enabled Windows Mobile 7 (now replaced by Windows Phone 7) arrived in 2010 Toshiba Satellite M60 battery .

Version 6.5 is an upgrade to Windows Mobile 6.1 that was released to manufacturers on May 11, 2009, and the first devices running the operating system debuted in late October '09. This incremental update includes some significant new added features, such as a revamped GUI, new today screen with vertically scrollable labels (called 'Titanium') Dell Latitude D830 Battery ;

though is generally regarded as a minor upgrade. It also includes the new Internet Explorer Mobile 6 browser, which has an improved interface over prior versions.

Microsoft unveiled this version at the 2009 Mobile World Congress in February, and several devices now run this Windows Mobile version,those devices running Windows Mobile 6.5 onwards are marketed as "Windows phones" Dell Latitude D620 Battery .

Along with Windows Mobile 6.5, Microsoft announced several Cloud computing services codenamed "SkyBox","SkyLine","SkyMarket". "SkyBox" has been confirmed as My Phone, while "SkyMarket" has been confirmed as Windows Marketplace for Mobile Dell Inspiron Mini 10 Battery .

Some aspects of the user interface have been redesigned with the home screen resembling that of Microsoft's Zune player and the sliding panel interface of Windows Mobile 6.1 Standard. This version was designed mainly for easier finger usage. Whilst this version of Windows Mobile does not natively support capacitive screens Sony VGN-FW11S Battery ,

mobile manufacturers have been able to successfully implement it on their devices

Several phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.1 are updatable to Windows Mobile 6.5 Sony VGN-FW11M Battery .

Windows Mobile 6.5.1

Builds of Windows Mobile 6.5.1 have been unofficially ported to several Windows Mobile phones. Windows Mobile 6.5.1 brings a more finger-friendly user interface, including icon based soft buttons (rather than text based), an updated contacts app, Microsoft (rather than the mobile carrier) support for A-GPS, improved threaded text messaging, and performance improvements Sony VGN-FW139E/H battery .

Windows Mobile 6.5.

On February 2, 2010, the Sony Ericsson Aspen with Windows Mobile 6.5.3 was officially announced, making it the first Windows Phone 6.5.3 smartphone.Since November 2009, several 6.5.3 builds had leaked (28nnn) and had been unofficially ported to some Windows Phones Dell Latitude E5400 Battery .

Windows Mobile 6.5.3 brings a more finger-friendly user interface with several new ease of use features such as support for multitouch, complete touch control i.e. no need for a stylus, and drag and drop start menu icons. Touchable tiles now replace soft keys Dell Latitude E4200 Battery ."

Internet Explorer Mobile 6 has also received some major updates including decreased page load time, improved memory management and gesture smoothing.

Additional features of newer Windows Mobile 6.5.3 builds include threaded email and Office Mobile 2010 Dell Inspiron 300M Battery .

Windows Mobile 6.5.5

Several builds of Windows Mobile 6.5.x have leaked since January 2010 and have been unofficially ported to some Windows Mobile phones. The name Windows Mobile 6.5.5 has been applied to these newer builds. However, this naming scheme remains unconfirmed by Microsoft Dell Vostro A840 Battery .

Windows Phone 7

Windows Phone 7 was launched in Europe, Singapore and Australia on October 21, 2010, and in the US & Canada on November 8, 2010, with the rest of the world to follow in 2011 Dell Studio 1737 battery .

Microsoft had originally planned to continue the Windows Mobile line to Windows Mobile 7, based on an upgrade to the Windows Mobile platform, codenamed Photon. The original Photon and Windows Mobile 7 have since been scrapped; however, Microsoft decided to create a new mobile OS platform and officially announced Windows Phone 7 Series in its place Dell Inspiron E1505 battery .

Microsoft has since renamed the operating system from Windows Phone 7 Series to Windows Phone 7.

Windows Phone 7 was initially intended to be released during 2009, but several delays, likely due to the move away from Photon and to building an entirely different and new platform, prompted Microsoft to develop Windows Mobile 6.5 as an interim release Dell RM791 battery .

During the Mobile World Congress 2010 in Barcelona, Microsoft revealed details of Windows Phone 7, which features a new operating system and integration with Xbox Live and Zune services.

Most phones currently running Windows Mobile 6.x are not upgradeable to Windows Phone 7, although hacked firmwares with Phone 7 are becoming increasingly popular Dell XPS M1530 battery .

Microsoft Kin

Microsoft Kin was a family of mobile telephones which started with Microsoft's purchase of Danger Hiptop in 2008. Microsoft Kin was developed inside Microsoft's Premium Mobile Experiences (PMX) division. Microsoft brought in employees from Danger Inc., with the intention of infusing industry talent and mobile experience into the project Dell XPS M2010 battery .

The goal was said to be to create a mobile platform far superior to that of the Danger Sidekick. Reports say that Microsoft Kin was originally going to be based on Windows Phone 7. However, due to delays with the latter, it was built directly upon Windows CE. It featured the Zune marketplace, and used XNA as a game platform Acer Aspire One battery .

The platform was aimed at producing phones designed for users who are heavily into social networking and instant messaging. The technology acquired from Danger Hiptop has been described as a family of mobile devices running a bespoke operating system as part of a client–server system that is then licenced to mobile carriers Toshiba Satellite P10 Battery .

Microsoft introduced two new handsets based on Microsoft Kin, codenamed Turtle and Pure, possibly to debut at the Consumer Electronics Show. The Microsoft designed phones were manufactured by Sharp and co-branded.

The devices received very critical reviews and Microsoft announced the discontinuation of the KIN line on June 30, 2010, only six weeks after it was launched SONY VGN-FZ210CE Battery .

Naming conventions

Other: Windows Mobile for Automotive 1.0, Windows Mobile software for Portable Media Centers

History

A Ford Territory with Windows Mobile advertising seen in Auckland, New Zealand in 2008 Dell Precision M70 Battery .

Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market has been in decline year-on-year. Gartner research data showed that while the total smartphone industry grew 27% between 2008 and 2009, Windows Mobile's share of the smartphone market fell 2.7% in that same period Toshiba Satellite L305 Battery .

In 2004, Windows Mobile accounted for 23% of worldwide smartphone sales.Windows Mobile was projected to overtake Symbian to become the leading mobile OS by 2010. But by 2008, its share had dropped to 14%. Microsoft licensed Windows Mobile to four out of the world's five largest mobile phone manufacturers, with Nokia being the exception Toshiba Satellite T4900 Battery .

Although Microsoft apparently has 50 handset partners, 80% of the 50 million Windows Mobile devices made have been built by one contract manufacturing group, HTC, which makes handsets for several major companies under their brands, and under its own brandToshiba PA3399U-2BRS battery .

In February 2009 Microsoft signed a deal with the third largest mobile phone maker, LG Electronics, to license Windows Mobile OS on 50 upcoming LG smartphone models. But in September, 2009, Palm, Inc. announced it would drop Windows Mobile from its smartphone line-up Toshiba Satellite A200 Battery .

An October 2009 report in DigiTimes said that Acer will shift its focus from Windows Mobile to Google Android.

At one time Windows Mobile was the most popular handset for business use, but by 2009 this was no longer the case Toshiba Satellite 1200 Battery .

An InformationWeek survey found that 24% of planned business deployments of mobile application were for Windows Mobile, putting it in 3rd place, behind Blackberry (61%) and iPhone (27%).

In October 2009 Gartner predicted that by 2012 Windows Mobile would remain the fourth most popular smartphone platform during the rise of Android only due to BlackBerry falling from second to fifth Toshiba Satellite M300 Battery .

The New York Times said that cellular telephone manufacturers were moving away from Windows Mobile, and instead shifting towards Android and Microsoft's new mobile platform, Windows Phone 7. Taiwan's Intelligence & Consulting Institute (MIC) predicted that Android's popularity might force Microsoft to reduce the Windows Mobile licensing fees it charges handset makers, in order to reduce further market share losses SONY VGP-BPS13A/Q Battery .

Windows Mobile's loss of market share accelerated in the third quarter of 2009; it suffered a 20% drop compared to the prior quarter, at a time when total smartphone sales rose by 13%. Gartner estimated that by this time Windows Mobile's share of worldwide smartphone sales was 7.9% SONY VGP-BPS13A/Q Battery .

Samsung announced in November 2009 that it would phase out the Windows Mobile platform, to concentrate on its own Bada operating system, Google's Android, and Microsoft's Windows Phone 7 SONY VGP-BPS13B/Q Battery .

Possible trends

In late 2009, many industry analysts and media reports began to express concerns about the future viability of the Windows Mobile platform, and whether Microsoft will keep supporting it into the future SONY VGP-BPS13B/Q Battery .

ZDnet said that "for all practical purposes, Windows Mobile is a dead platform", while CNET said "Windows Mobile has now been relegated resolutely to has-been status. "

ABI Research said: "Heading into 2010, the momentum (for Windows Mobile) has dissipated SONY VGP-BPS13/Q Battery ."

Gartner analysts questioned whether Windows Mobile had a future beyond version 7, due to its poor performance and falling market share. However, Gartner said that while Windows Mobile may be discontinued for consumer-focused smartphones, it still had a future in specialized industrial applications, such as for ruggedized devices used in warehousing and delivery trucks SONY VGP-BPS13/Q Battery .

Gartner said thatWindows Mobile 7 could be "the last throw of the dice."

Analysts J.Gold Associates said in BusinessWeek that Microsoft will likely exit the mobile operating system market sometime between 2010 and 2011, saying "There are better ways for Microsoft to make money from smartphones than to keep investing in a mobile operating system that's losing share and relevance SONY VGP-BPS21A/B Battery ."

The New York Times reported that Windows Mobile "is foundering", as cellphone makers desert it in favor of Google's Android phone platform. It cited the difficulties in Microsoft's business model, which involves charging handset manufacturers up to $25 for each copy of Windows Mobile, while rival Google gives away Android for free SONY VGP-BPS21/S Battery .

The Washington Post said Windows Mobile is "bleeding market share in the space, and the future looks grim." It said that Google is using Android to "kill" Windows Mobile.

In February 2010 Microsoft announced a new mobile operating system platform: Windows Phone 7 SONY VGP-BPS21B Battery .

It has been built from scratch and bears no resemblance to its predecessors. It was released on October 21, 2010 in Europe and on November 8, 2010 in the United States.

Software development

Third-party software development is available for the Windows Mobile operating system SONY VGP-BPS21A Battery .

Developers have several options for deploying mobile applications. These include writing native code with Visual C++, writing Managed code that works with the .NET Compact Framework, or server-side code that can be deployed using Internet Explorer Mobile or a mobile client on a user's device SONY VGP-BPS21 Battery .

The .NET Compact Framework is actually a subset of the .NET Framework and hence shares many components with software development on desktop clients, application servers, and web servers which have the .NET Framework installed, thus integrating networked computing space (a.k.a. "The Cloud") Sony VGP-BPS21A/B Battery .

Microsoft typically releases Windows Phone software development kits (SDKs) that work in conjunction with their Visual Studio development environment. These SDKs include emulator images for developers to test and debug their applications while writing them Sony VGP-BPS21/S Battery .

Microsoft also distributes Visual Studio 2008 / 2005 Professional Editions, and server / database counterparts to students as downloads free of charge via its DreamSpark program.

Developer communities have used the SDK to port later versions of Windows Mobile OS to older devices and making the OS images available for free, thus providing the devices with the current feature set Sony VGP-BPS21A Battery .

Microsoft has tolerated this procedure for some time but decided in February 2007 to ask developers to take their OS images off the net, which in turn raised discussions. At the same time Microsoft offered upgrades to Windows Mobile 6 versions to manufacturers for free Sony VGP-BPS21 Battery .

Lazarus, Lexico, NS Basic and Basic4ppc provide alternative development environments. They allow development on a separate computer, which is then downloaded to the target device. NS Basic and Basic4ppc allow development on the target device Sony Vaio PCG-5G2L Battery .

Some 3rd party development tools such as Basic4ppc use the .NET Compact Framework. This has been possible only for the last couple years. Prior to the release of Windows Mobile 2003, third-party software was developed using Microsoft's eMbedded Visual Tools, eMbedded Visual Basic (eVB) and eMbedded Visual C (eVC) Sony Vaio PCG-5G3L Battery .

eVB programs can usually be converted fairly easily to NS Basic/CE. or to Basic4ppc.

There is also a GCC port called CeGCC. For scripting languages, there is a Python port named PythonCE, and a Tcl-Tk port called eTcl. It can be used to develop applications on Windows Mobile phone Sony Vaio PCG-5J1L Battery .

Satellite Forms is a rapid application development (RAD) tool that can produce Windows Phone compatible applications that use an RDK runtime engine. Extension libraries extend the functionality for various hardware.

On 5 July 2009, Microsoft opened a third-party application distribution service called Windows Marketplace for Mobile Sony Vaio PCG-5K2L Battery .

Criticism

  • Versions of Windows Mobile prior to 6.5.3 did not recognize multi-touch screens. Device maker HTC Corporation created some work-arounds to allow multi-touch to work on some applications it installed on its HD2 handset Sony Vaio PCG-5J2L Battery .
  • However, Microsoft applications on this handset, such as the Internet Explorer web browser, do not support multi-touch.
  • Windows Mobile does not allow users to view file properties from File Explorer and so a third-party file explorer is needed to remove the "read-only" or "Hidden File" attributes applied to files. Hidden files can be viewed Sony Vaio PCG-5K1L Battery .
  • Windows Mobile does not allow users to view file extensions of unknown file types, although third-party software is available to do this.
  • Windows Mobile devices can easily be used and reset by unauthorised users, such as thieves Sony Vaio PCG-6S2L Battery ,
  • as the "Clear Storage" command can be invoked without the need for a password so long as the keypad is not locked and the phone is not turned off, because the CLEAR STORAGE is applied by using embedded, unmodifiable key sequence of "1234" which is also visibly shown in the phone Sony Vaio PCG-6S3L Battery .
  • The interface of Windows Mobile 6.5 shows jarring inconsistencies, with some applications requiring users to hold a stylus to operate them.
  • Many Windows Mobile business applications were designed for a stylus-pen input, and are difficult or impossible to use on a capacitative multi-touch screen Sony Vaio PCG-6V1L Battery .
  • Unlike Windows for desktop computers, the Windows Mobile operating system cannot be upgraded by users. Upgrades can only be supplied by telephone service providers or hardware providers Sony Vaio PCG-6W1L Battery .
  • As this requires considerable resource to produce a custom upgrade for each device, generates no income (upgrades have not been chargeable), and extends the life of older equipment instead of encouraging purchase of new, Windows Mobile upgrades are rarely released Sony Vaio PCG-6W2L Battery .
  • However, expert users have developed unofficial, sometimes modified, firmware; this unofficial firmware, or newer Windows Mobile or Phone firmware intended for other devices with the risk of possible incompatibility, can be installed if available with flashing software Sony Vaio PCG-6W3L Battery .
  • Several analysts from both Gartner and J.Gold Associates have expressed concern about the long-term future of Windows Mobile. Motorola and Fedex said that Microsoft had given a commitment to continue supporting Windows Mobile, at least for use in rugged industrial devices Sony Vaio PCG-7111L Battery .
  • On 25 September 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer indicated that the company "screwed up with Windows Mobile". He lamented that Windows Mobile version 7 was not yet available. He said he had recently changed the Windows Mobile team to try to recoup losses Sony Vaio PCG-7112L Battery .
  • Windows Mobile 6.5.x was based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel, the same kernel that was running in Windows Mobile 5.0 in 2004. Windows Mobile 6.5.x has not been optimized for more modern processors, such as the Snapdragon processors. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, runs an updated kernel based on Windows CE 6 R3 and Windows CE 7 Sony Vaio PCG-7113L Battery .
  • A 2009 survey by CFI Group showed that Windows Mobile users had a low level of customer satisfaction when compared to users of other smartphones. Out of a possible 100 points, Windows Mobile rated only 66, compared with BlackBerry (73), Palm Pre (77), Google Android (77), and iPhone (83) Sony Vaio PCG-7133L Battery .

Windows Phone 7 is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft, and is the successor to its Windows Mobile platform. It is aimed at the consumer market instead of the enterprise market like its predecessor Sony Vaio PCG-7Z2L Battery .

It launched in Europe, Singapore and Australia on October 21, 2010, and in the US and Canada on November 8, 2010, Mexico on November 24, 2010, with Asia to follow in 2011. With Windows Phone 7, Microsoft offers a new user interface with its design language named Metro Sony Vaio PCG-8Y1L Battery ,

integrates the operating system with 3rd party and other Microsoft services, and plans to strictly control which hardware it runs on.

Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 on February 15, 2010, at Mobile World Congress 2010 in Barcelona and revealed additional details at MIX 2010on March 15, 2010. The final SDK was made available on September 16, 2010 Sony Vaio PCG-8Y2L Battery .

Operating system development

Work on a major Windows Mobile update may have begun as early as 2004 under the codename "Photon", but work moved slowly and the project was ultimately cancelled Sony Vaio PCG-8Z1L Battery .

In 2008, Microsoft reorganized the Windows Mobile group and started work on a new mobile operating system. The product was to be released in 2009 as Windows Phone, but several delays prompted Microsoft to develop Windows Mobile 6.5 as an interim release Sony Vaio PCG-8Z2L Battery .

Windows Phone 7 was developed quickly. One result was that Windows Mobile applications do not run on it. Larry Lieberman, senior product manager for Microsoft’s Mobile Developer Experience, told eWeek: "If we’d had more time and resources, we may have been able to do something in terms of backward compatibility Sony VAIO PCG-5G2L Battery ."

Lieberman said that Microsoft was attempting to look at the mobile phone market in a new way, with the end user in mind as well as the enterprise network. Terry Myerson, corporate VP of Windows Phone engineering, said, "With the move to capacitive touch screens, away from the stylus Sony VAIO PCG-5G3L Battery ,

and the moves to some of the hardware choices we made for the Windows Phone 7 experience, we had to break application compatibility with Windows Mobile 6.5."

Naming

Windows Phone 7 is a rebranding of Microsoft’s old mobile OS called Windows Mobile. Before the official announcement of Windows Phone 7, Microsoft began to refer to devices running Windows Mobile as “Windows Phones” Sony VAIO PCG-5J1L Battery .

Microsoft at first announced its new platform as "Windows Phone 7 Series" which initially came under criticism as being too wordy and difficult to say casually. Responding to this, on April 2, 2010 Microsoft announced that the "Series" would be dropped from the name, leaving the platform named Windows Phone 7 Sony VAIO PCG-5K2L Battery .

Microsoft's official statement on the matter was:

"Customers want a simpler way to say and use the name consistently. The important thing is keeping the focus on the Windows Phone brand, which we introduced in October and will continue investing in through Windows Phone 7 and beyond Sony VAIO PCG-5J2L Battery ."

Launch

In February 2010, a Microsoft press release listed the companies that would help make and operate Windows Phone 7. Many hardware makers were listed in the release Sony VAIO PCG-5K1L Battery .

HP later decided not to build devices for Windows Phone 7, citing that it wanted to focus on devices for its newly purchased WebOS.

Windows Phone 7 supports five languages: English, French, Italian, German and Spanish. Windows Phone Marketplace allows buying and selling applications in 17 countries and regions Sony VAIO PCG-5L1L Battery :

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Puerto Rico, United Kingdom, and United States.

Windows Phone 7 was released in Europe on October 21, in North America on November 8, and in Mexico on November 24, 2010. A release in Asian countries will follow in 2011 Sony VAIO PCG-6S2L Battery .

On October 11, 2010, Microsoft's CEO Steve Ballmer announced 10 devices operating Windows Phone 7, made by HTC, Dell, Samsung, and LG, with sales beginning on October 21, 2010 in Europe and Australia and November 8, 2010 in the United States. The devices were available on 60 carriers in 30 countries, with additional devices to be launched in 2011 Sony VAIO PCG-6S3L Battery .

Microsoft reported on December 21, 2010 that in the first 6 weeks phone manufacturers sold 1.5 million Windows Phone 7 devices to mobile operators and retailers. On January 26, 2011 Microsoft stated that in the 4th quarter of 2010 it had sold more than 2 million Windows Phone 7 licenses for phones, which manufacturers had delivered to mobile operators and retailers Sony VAIO PCG-6V1L Battery.

In January 2011, LG reported about its own handsets: "From an industry perspective we had a high expectation, but from a consumer point of view the visibility is less than we expected". At CEBIT Preview, Deutsche Telekom told Yahoo that its Windows Phone 7 handsets are selling better than expected Sony VAIO PCG-6W1L Battery .

According to NPD Group, a group specialized in films, movies, and video games , Windows Phone 7 achieved a market-share of 2% among smartphones sold to consumers in the United States, 2 months after release, in the 4th quarter of 2010. On February 2, 2011, T-Mobile USA said of Windows Phone 7 Sony VAIO PCG-6W2L Battery :

"The customers are very satisfied with the experience. We’ve done well with the devices that we sold.”

Partnership with Nokia

On 11 February 2011, at a press event in London, Microsoft CED Steve Ballmer and Nokia CEO Stephen Elop announced a partnership between their companies in which Windows Phone 7 would become the primary smartphone operating system for Nokia Sony VAIO PCG-6W3L Battery .

The event was largely focused on creating “a new global mobile ecosystem”, suggesting competition with Android and iOS by saying "It is now a three horse race". Integration of Microsoft services with Nokia’s own services were announced specifically that Bing would power search across Nokia devices Sony VAIO PCG-7111L Battery ,

and an integration of Nokia Maps with Bing Maps as well as Nokia’s application store being integrated with the Windows Phone Marketplace .

]User interface

Windows Phone features a new user interface, based upon Microsoft's Windows Phone 7 design system, codenamed Metro Sony VAIO PCG-7112L Battery .

The home screen, called the "Start screen", is made up of "Tiles". Tiles are links to applications, features, functions and individual items (such as contacts, web pages, applications or media items). Users can add, rearrange, or remove Tiles Sony VAIO PCG-7113L Battery .

Tiles are dynamic and update in real time - for example, the tile for an email account would display the number of unread messages or a Tile could display a live update of the weather.

Several features of Windows Phone 7 are organized into "hubs", which combine local and online content via Windows Phone 7's integration with popular social networks such as Facebook andWindows Live Sony VAIO PCG-7Z1L Battery .

For example, the Pictures hub shows photos captured with the device's camera and the user's Facebook photo albums, and the People hub shows contacts aggregated from multiple sources including Windows Live, Facebook, and Gmail. From the Hub, users can directly comment and 'like' on social network updates Sony VAIO PCG-7Z2L Battery .

The other built-in hubs are Music and Video (which integrates with Zune), Games (which integrates with Xbox Live), Windows Phone Marketplace, and Microsoft Office.

Windows Phone 7 uses multi-touch technology Sony VAIO PCG-8Y1L Battery .

The default Windows Phone 7 user interface has a dark theme that prolongs battery life on OLED screens as fully black pixels don't emit light. The user may choose a light theme instead, and can also choose from several accent colors. User interface elements such as tiles are shown in the user's chosen accent color WD passport essential (500GB/640GB) .

Third-party applications can be automatically themed with these colors.

Text input

Users input text by using an on-screen virtual keyboard, which has a dedicated key for inserting emoticons. Spell checking and word prediction , and users may change a word after it has been typed by tapping the word,which will invoke a list of similar words WD passport essential (250GB/320GB) .

Phones may also be made with a hardware keyboard for text input. Pressing and holding certain keys will reveal similar characters. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode.

Web browser

Windows Phone 7 features a version of Internet Explorer Mobile with a rendering engine that is "halfway between IE7 and IE8 WD passport essential SE (750GB/1TB ".

Internet Explorer on Windows Phone 7 allows the user to maintain a list of favorite web pages and show a tile linking to a web page on the Start screen. The browser supports up to 6 tabs, which can all load in parallel WD passport elite(250GB/320GB) .

Other features include multi-touch gestures, a streamlined UI, smooth zoom in/out animations, the ability to save pictures that are on web pages, share web pages via email, and support for inline search which allows the user to search for a word or phrase in a web page by typing it WD passport elite(500GB/640GB) .

Furthermore, Adobe has announced that Flash Player 10.1 will be released for Windows Phone 7. Microsoft has announced plans to regularly update the Windows Phone 7 web browser and its layout engine independently from the Windows Phone Update system WD passport studio for Mac(320GB/500GB) .

In a demo, Microsoft said that users will be able to stream YouTube videos from the browser. Clicking on a video from the mobile YouTube website will launch the video in a standalone app and will also add the YouTube video to the Music + Video Hub WD passport studio for Mac(500GB/640GB) .

A version of the currently unreleased Internet Explorer 9 is also in development for the Windows Phone OS, which is to include better HTML, CSS and JavaScript standards support, as well as hardware acceleration.

Contacts

Contacts are organized via the "People hub". Contacts can be manually entered into contacts or import from Facebook WD Elements series(250GB/320GB) .

A "What's New" section show news feed fromFacebook and Windows Live updates made by your contacts. A "Me" section show the phone user's own Facebook status and wall. Contacts can be added to the home screen by pinning them to the start WD Elements SE(500GB/640GB) .

The contact's "Live Tile" displays their Facebook status and profile picture on the homescreen and the contact's hub displays their Facebook wall as well as all of the rest of their contact information.

Integration of Twitter into the People Hub has been announced to be coming in a software update in the first half of 2011 WD Elements SE(750GB/1TB) .

E-mail

Setup support Hotmail, Outlook, Yahoo! Mail, Gmail, and other email services and also features support for POP and IMAP accounts. Contacts and calendars are sync along with emails. Users can also search through email with keywords in email contents, subjects, senders, and receivers WD Elements desktop(500GB/640GB) .

Multimedia

Zune for Windows Phone 7 is an application providing entertainment and synchronization capabilities between PC and Phone.[46]Windows Phone 7 multimedia experience is divided in to two distinct hubs, Music + Videos hub and Pictures hub, both of which are similar in appearance and functionality to that of the Zune HD WD Elements desktop(750GB/1TB) .

The "Music + Videos hub" plays music, videos, and podcasts, and allows users to access the Zune Marketplace to buy music or rent it with the Zune Pass subscription service, and view artist biographies and photos WD Elements desktop(1.5 TB/2TB) .

The "Pictures hub" displays the user's Facebook and Windows Live photo albums alongside photos taken with the phone's camera. Users can also upload photos to social networks and comment on online photos directly from the Pictures hub. Multi-touch gestures permit zooming in and out of photos WD passport essential SE (750GB/1TB)--USB 3.0).

Games

Xbox Live on Windows Phone 7 brings Console-like gaming experience to phones by displaying the user's avatar in a 3D fashion. Via "Games Hub", the users are able to interact with the avatar, view gamerscore and leaderboards, message Xbox Live friends, and Spotlight WD passport essential (500GB/640GB) .

Multiplayer (turn-based) gaming with live multiplayer are also released. Microsoft has unveiled more than 50 premium Windows Phone 7 Games titles at Gamescom that makes use of Xbox Live on mobile. Furthermore, as of now, Xbox Live on Windows Phone 7 is not offering any real-time multiplayer games but the current development is signifying the chances in future WD passport for Mac(320GB/500GB).

Some key features of Xbox Live on Windows Phone 7 include ability to be signed in simultaneously on the console and phone, send and receive messages between Console and Phone, unique gamer points only available by purchasing the gaming title on the phone, etc WD passport for Mac(640GB/1TB) .

Search

Microsoft's hardware requirements stipulate that every Windows Phone must have a dedicated Search button on the front of the device that performs different actions. Pressing the search button while an application is open will allow users to search within applications that take advantage of this feature My book essential 4 generation (640GB/1TB) ;

for example, pressing Search in the People hub will let the users search their contact list for specific people.

In other cases, pressing the Search button will allow the user to perform a search of web sites, news, and map locations using the Bing application WD My book essential 4 generation( 1.5TB/2TB).

Windows Phone 7 also has a voice recognition function, powered by TellMe, which allows the user to perform a Bing search, call contacts or launch applications by speaking. This can be activated by pressing and holding the phone's Start button WD My book elite( 1TB/1.5TB) .

Bing is the default search engine on Windows Phone 7 handsets due to the deep integration of functions into the OS (which also include the utilization of its map servicefor location-based searches and queries). However, Microsoft has stated that other search engine applications can be used WD My book studio(1TB/2TB) .

Office suite

The "Office hub" organized all Microsoft Office programs and documents. Microsoft Office Mobile provide operability between Windows Phone 7 and the desktop version of Microsoft Office. Word Mobile, Excel Mobile, PowerPoint Mobile, OneNote Mobile, and SharePoint Workspace Mobile allow Microsoft Office file format to be viewed and edited WD My book essential 4 generation( 1.5TB/2TB).

At Mobile World Congress 2011, Microsoft announced that they would support Office documents in the cloud on Windows Phone 7 after an update in the second half of 2011 WD My book elite(640GB/2TB) .

Sunday, February 13, 2011

Gaming computer

A gaming computer (also gaming PC, gaming machine and gaming rig) is a personal computer that is capable of playing computationally demanding video games. Gaming computers are very similar to conventional PCs, with the main difference being the addition of a performance-oriented video card (Dell XPS M1210 Battery) http://www.hdd-shop.co.uk .

Gaming computers are often associated with enthusiast computing due to an overlap in interests. However, while a gaming PC is built to achieve performance for actual gameplay, enthusiast PCs are built to maximize performance, using games as a benchmark. The difference between the two carries a large discrepancy in the cost of the system Dell Studio XPS 1640 Battery .

Whereas enthusiast PCs are high-end by definition, gaming PCs can be subdivided into low-end, mid-range, and high-end segments. Contrary to the popular misconception that PC gaming is inextricably tied to high-priced enthusiast computing, video card manufacturers earn the bulk of their revenue from their low-end and mid-range offerings Dell Vostro 1710 Battery .

Because of the large variety of parts that can go into a computer built to play video games, gaming computers are typically custom-made, rather than pre-assembled, either by gaming and hardware enthusiasts or by companies such as Alienware, VoodooPC, LanSlide Gaming PCs and Origin PC that specialize in producing custom gaming machines Dell KM958 battery .

In order to generate interest, gaming computer manufacturers that sell complete systems often produce boutique models, allowing them to compete on aesthetic design in addition to the hardware inside Dell Studio 1555 battery .

Hardware

Historically, gaming computers had several distinct hardware components that set them apart from a typical PC. The push for better graphics began with color fidelity, from display systems such asCGA eventually graduating to VGA, which was adopted for the mass market Sony VGP-BPS13 battery .

Gaming also led the push for the adoption of sound cards, a component that is now commonly integrated ontomotherboards.

In the 1980s, several non-IBM PC compatible platforms gained a measure of popularity due to advanced graphics and sound capabilities, most notably the Commodore 64 and Amiga Sony VGP-BPS13/B battery .

Computer game developers of the time targeted these platforms for their games, though typically they would later port their games to the more common PC and sometimes Apple platforms as well. The MSX was also popular in Japan, where it preceded the video game console revolution Sony VGP-BPS13/S battery .

LAN parties helped to promote the use of network cards and routers. This equipment is now commonly used by non-gamers with broadband Internet access to share the connection with multiple computers in the home. Like sound cards, network adapters are now commonly integrated on motherboards Sony VGP-BPS13A/B battery .

In modern times, the primary difference between a gaming computer and a typical PC is the inclusion of a performance-oriented video card, which hosts a graphics processor. Some motherboards support up to four video cards through SLI or Crossfire Sony VGP-BPS13B/B battery .

However, such configurations are typically regarded as a curiosity for enthusiasts rather than a useful alternative to single-card upgrade cycles.

Forays into physics processing have also been made, though with Nvidia's buyout of PhysX and Intel's buyout of Havok, plans are that this functionality will be combined with existing CPU or GPU technologies Sony VGP-BPL9 battery .

Prebuilt gaming PC

While many "hardcore" gamers build their gaming PCs themselves, some choose to go with prebuilt or custom-built gaming PCs. These PCs can often be more expensive than building one's own, with higher premiums attached to high-end brands with varying levels of customer service Sony VGP-BPS13B/B battery .

Different companies offer varying degrees of customization, some almost as much as building it oneself. There are however, drawbacks to building one's own computer. Assembling a computer means being personally responsible for any problems that may arise, both during the assembly phase, and after it's in regular use Sony VGP-BPL15 battery .

Instead of using a single technical support hotline to cover your entire system, often one will have to deal with individual component manufactures.

Due to the wide inconsistencies in after-purchase support from component manufactures, trying to get support can be a daunting task for even the most patient of people Dell Inspiron E1505 battery .

Customer support is a major reason why even extreme gaming enthusiasts may look to a system integrator for their custom PC builds. There are many positive aspects in choosing to build one's own system, such as no longer being tied to specific configurations Dell Latitude E6400 battery .

Pricing on individual components is often better, and thus saves quite a lot of money on a comparable pre-built system.

Gaming laptop

Gaming laptops are the mobile equivalent of gaming desktops and are usually more expensive than their desktop counterparts HP Pavilion dv6000 Battery .

Currently, most gaming laptops feature more power efficient versions of high end desktop graphics cards, which still drain heavily on battery life, and necessitate more advanced cooling systems. One recent development by NVIDIA is SLI for laptops. Generally, gaming laptops are not considered "rigs" as the term can also refer to the physical size of the system SONY VAIO VGN-FZ Battery .

Modern gaming laptops can achieve respectable game performance, but never quite match desktops in a class to class comparison, and most do not feature upgradeable graphics cards.

Due to the relatively small size that the hardware has to fit in, cooling the heat intensive components is a major problem affecting the performance of such laptops, usually causing degraded value for money performance wise SONY VAIO VGN-FZ18 Battery .

Attempts at using the same performance hardware as desktops usually end in a decreased clock frequency of graphics chips to reduce heat, causing the poor value for money.

A newer trend in the gaming PC industry is to create small form factor desktops that are easy to transport. Several companies provide lines that specialize in these computers SONY VAIO VGN-FZ21E Battery .

A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The word video in video gametraditionally referred to a raster display device. However, with the popular use of the term "video game", it now implies any type of display device SONY VAIO VGN-FW21E Battery .

The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from largemainframe computers to small handheld devices. Specialized video games such as arcade games, while previously common, have gradually declined in use SONY VAIO VGN-NR11S/S Battery .

The input device used to manipulate video games is called a game controller, and varies across platforms. For example, a dedicated console controller might consist of only a button and a joystick. Another may feature a dozen buttons and one or more joysticks SONY VAIO VGN-NR11M/S Battery .

Early personal computer games often needed a keyboardfor gameplay, or more commonly, required the user to buy a separate joystick with at least one button. Many modern computer games allow, or even require, the player to use a keyboard and mouse simultaneously SONY VAIO VGN-NR11Z/S Battery .

Video games typically also use other ways of providing interaction and information to the player. Audio is almost universal, using sound reproduction devices, such as speakers and headphones. Other feedback may come via haptic peripherals, such as vibration or force feedback, with vibration sometimes used to simulate force feedback SONY VAIO VGN-NR11Z/T Battery .

Early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a "Cathode ray tube Amusement Device" was filed for a patent on January 25, 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on December 14, 1948, as U.S. Patent 2455992 Sony VAIO VGN-FZ21E Battery .

Inspired by radar display tech, it consisted of an analog device that allowed a user to control a vector-drawn dot on the screen to simulate a missile being fired at targets, which were drawings fixed to the screen Sony VAIO VGN-FW21E Battery .

Other early examples include:

  • The NIMROD computer at the 1951 Festival of Britain
  • OXO a tic-tac-toe Computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC in 1952
  • Tennis for Two, an interactive game engineered by William Higinbotham in 1958 Sony VAIO VGN-NR11S/S Battery
  • Spacewar!, written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen's on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961.

Each game used different means of display: NIMROD used a panel of lights to play the game of Nim, OXO used a graphical display to play tic-tac-toe Tennis for Two used an oscilloscope to display a side view of a tennis court, and Spacewar! used the DEC PDP-1's vector display to have two spaceshipsbattle each other Sony VAIO VGN-NR11Z/S Battery .

In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold, coin-operated video game. It used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green Sony VAIO VGN-NR11M/S Battery .

Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the "Brown Box", it also used a standard television. These were followed by two versions of Atari's Pong; an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 Sony VAIO VGN-NR11Z/T Battery .

The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, spawning the video game industry SONY VAIO VGN-FZ180E Battery .

Platforms

The term "platform" refers to the specific combination of electronic or computer hardware which, in conjunction with low-level software, allows a video game to operate. The term "system" is also commonly used. As well, newer video game platforms are also known as next "gen" consoles SONY VAIO VGN-FZ220E Battery .

In common use a "PC game" refers to a form of media that involves a player interacting with a personal computer connected to a high-resolution video monitor. A "console game" is played on a specialized electronic device that connects to a common television set or composite video monitor SONY VAIO VGN-FZ340E Battery .

A "handheld" gaming device is a self contained electronic device that is portable and can be held in a user's hands. "Arcade game" generally refers to a game played on an even more specialized type of electronic device that is typically designed to play only one game and is encased in a specialcabinet SONY VAIO VGN-FZ430E Battery .

These distinctions are not always clear and there may be games that bridge one or more platforms. Beyond this there are platforms that have non-video game variations such as in the case ofelectro-mechanically based arcade machines SONY VAIO VGN-FZ460E Battery .

There are also devices with screens which have the ability to play games but are not dedicated video game machines (examples are mobile phones,PDAs and graphing calculators).

Genres

A video game, like most other forms of media, may be categorized into genres based on many factors such as method of game play, types of goals, art style and more SONY VAIO VGN-FZ480E Battery .

Because genres are dependent on content for definition, genres have changed and evolved as newer styles of video games have come into existence. Ever advancing technology and production values related to video game development have fostered more life-like and complex games which have in turn introduced or enhanced genre possibilities SONY VAIO VGN-FZ4000 Battery

(e.g., virtual pets), pushed the boundaries of existing video gaming or in some cases add new possibilities in play (such as that seen with titles specifically designed for devices like Sony's EyeToy). Some genres represent combinations of others, such as massively multiplayer online role-playing games, or, more commonly, MMORPGs SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31E Battery .

It is also common to see higher level genre terms that are collective in nature across all other genres such as with action, music/rhythm or horror-themed video games SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31B Battery .

Classifications

Core games

In general, discussion about video gaming in both the press and politics revolves around titles found in the core games classification; historically, consisting of video games developed for play onpersonal computers, dedicated video game consoles or handheld game consoles SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31J Battery .

Core games are generally defined by their intensity, depth of play or scale of production involved in their creation and can include games across a wide spectrum of genres. For example the Bit.Tripseries for WiiWare, the Fallout series for PC and console or LittleBigPlanet for the PS3, all fall within the core games classification SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31M Battery .

Core games are sometimes considered demanding in their gameplay and typically do not appeal to the casual gamer.

Casual games

Casual games derive their name from their ease of accessibility, simple to understand gameplay and quick to grasp rule sets SONY VAIO VGN-FZ31Z Battery .

Additionally, casual games frequently support the ability to jump in and out of play on demand. Casual games as a format existed long before the term was coined and include video games such as Solitaire or Minesweeper which can commonly be found pre-installed with many versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system SONY VAIO VGN-FZ38M Battery .

Examples of genres within this category are hidden object, match three, time management, tetris or many of the tower defense style games. Casual games are generally sold through online retailers such as PopCap, Zylom and GameHouse or provided for free play through web portals such as Newgrounds or AddictingGames SONY VGP-BPS8 Battery .

While casual games are most commonly played on personal computers, cellphones or PDAs, they can also be found on many of the on-line console system download services (e.g., Xbox Live,PlayStation Network, or WiiWare) SONY VGP-BPS13/S Battery .

Serious games

Serious games are games that are designed primarily to convey information or a learning experience of some sort to the player. Some serious games may even fail to qualify as a video game in the traditional sense of the term SONY VGP-BPS13A/B Battery .

Also, educational software does not typically fall under this category (e.g., touch typing tutors, language learning, etc.) and the primary distinction would appear to be based on the title's primary goal as well as target age demographics. As with the other categories, this description is more of a guideline than a rule SONY VGP-BPS13B/B Battery .

Serious games are games generally made for reasons beyond simple entertainment and as with the core and casual games may include works from any given genre, although some such asexergames, educational games, or propaganda games (e.g. militainment) may have a higher representation in this group due to their subject matter SONY VGP-BPS13A/S Battery .

These games are typically designed to be played by professionals as part of a specific job or for skill set improvement. They can also be created to convey social-political awareness on a specific subject.

One of the longest running serious games franchises would be Microsoft Flight Simulator first published in 1982 under that name SONY VGP-BPS13AS Battery .

The United States military uses virtual reality based simulations for training exercises,as do a growing number of first responder roles (e.g., police, fire fighter, EMT).One example of a non-game environment utilized as a platform for serious game development would be the virtual world of Second Life Dell Inspiron 1320n Battery ,

which is currently used by several United States governmental departments (e.g., NOAA, NASA, JPL), Universities (e.g., Ohio University, MIT) for educational and remote learning programs and businesses (e.g., IBM, Cisco Systems) for meetings and training Dell Inspiron 1464 Battery .

Tactical media in video games plays a crucial role in making a statement or conveying a message on important relevant issues. This form of media allows for a broader audience to be able to receive and gain access to certain information that otherwise may not have reached such people Dell Inspiron 1564 Battery .

An example of tactical media in video games would be newsgames. These are short games related to contemporary events designed to illustrate a point.For example, TAKE ACTION games is a game studio collective that was co-founded by Susana Ruiz and has made very successful and powerful serious games Dell Inspiron 1764 Battery .

Some of these games include Darfur is Dying, Finding Zoe, and In The Balance. All of these games bring awareness to important issues and events in an intelligent and well thought out manner Dell Studio 1450 Battery .

Educational games

On September 23, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama launched a campaign called "Educate to Innovate" aimed at improving the technological, mathematical, scientific and engineering abilities of American students Dell Studio 1457 Battery .

This campaign states that it plans to harness the power of interactive games to help achieve the goal of students excelling in these departments. This campaign has stemmed into many new and exciting opportunities for the video game realm and has contributed to many new competitions Dell Latitude D610 Battery .

Some of these competitions include the STEM NATIONAL VIDEO GAME COMPETITION and the Imagine Cup.Both of these examples are events that bring a focus to relevant and important current issues that are able to be addressed in the sense of video games to educate and spread knowledge in a new form of media Toshiba NB100 Battery .

www.NobelPrize.org uses games to entice the user to learn about information pertaining to the Nobel prize achievements while engaging in a fun to play video game. There are many different types and styles of educational games all the way from counting to spelling to games for kids and games for adults Toshiba Satellite M65 battery .

Some other games do not have any particular targeted audience in mind and intended to simply educate or inform whoever views or plays the game.

Development

Video game development and authorship, much like any other form of entertainment, is frequently a cross-disciplinary field Toshiba Satellite M60 battery .

Video game developers, as employees within this industry are commonly referred, primarily include programmers and graphic designers. Over the years this has expanded to include almost every type of skill that one might see prevalent in the creation of any movie or television program Dell Latitude D830 Battery ,

including sound designers, musicians, and other technicians; as well as skills that are specific to video games, such as the game designer. All of these are managed by producers.

In the early days of the industry, it was more common for a single person to manage all of the roles needed to create a video game Dell Latitude D620 Battery .

As platforms have become more complex and powerful in the type of material they can present, larger teams have been needed to generate all of the art, programming, cinematography, and more. This is not to say that the age of the "one-man shop" is gone, as this is still sometimes found in the casual gaming and handheld markets Dell Inspiron Mini 10 Battery ,

where smaller games are prevalent due to technical limitations such as limited RAM or lack of dedicated 3D graphics rendering capabilities on the target platform (e.g., some cellphones and PDAs). With the growth of the size of development teams in the industry, the problem of cost has increased Sony VGN-FW11S Battery .

Development studios need to be able to pay their staff a competitive wage in order to attract and retain the best talent, while publishers are constantly looking to keep costs down in order to maintain profitability on their investment. Typically, a video game console development team can range in sizes of anywhere from 5 to 50 people, with some teams exceeding 100 Sony VGN-FW11M Battery .

In May 2009, one game project was reported to have a development staff of 450.The growth of team size combined with greater pressure to get completed projects into the market to begin recouping production costs has led to a greater occurrence of missed deadlines and unfinished products Sony VGN-FW139E/H battery .

Modifications

Many games produced for the PC are designed such that technically oriented consumers can modify the game. These mods can add an extra dimension of replayability and interest Dell Latitude E5400 Battery .

Developers such as id Software, Valve Software, Crytek, Bethesda, Epic Games and Blizzard Entertainment ship their games with some of the development tools used to make the game, along with documentation to assist mod developers. The Internet provides an inexpensive medium to promote and distribute mods, and they may be a factor in the commercial success of some games Dell Latitude E4200 Battery .

This allows for the kind of success seen by popular mods such as the Half-Life mod Counter-Strike.

Cheating

Cheating in computer games may involve cheat codes and hidden spots implemented by the game developers,modification of game code by third parties,or players exploiting a software glitch Dell Inspiron 300M Battery .

Modifications are facilitated by either cheat cartridge hardware or a software trainer. Cheats usually make the game easier by providing an unlimited amount of some resource; for example weapons, health, or ammunition; or perhaps the ability to walk through walls Dell Vostro A840 Battery .

Other cheats might give access to otherwise unplayable levels or provide unusual or amusing features, like altered game colors or other graphical appearances.

Glitches

Software errors not detected by software testers during development can find their way into released versions of computer and video games Dell Studio 1737 battery .

This may happen because the glitch only occurs under unusual circumstances in the game, was deemed too minor to correct, or because the game development was hurried to meet a publication deadline. Glitches can range from minor graphical errors to serious bugs that can delete saved data or cause the game to malfunction Dell Inspiron E1505 battery .

In some cases publishers will release updates (referred to as patches) to repair glitches. Sometimes a glitch may be beneficial to the player, these are often referred to asexploits.

Theory

Although departments of computer science have been studying the technical aspects of video games for years, theories that examine games as an artistic medium are a relatively recent development in the humanities Dell RM791 battery .

The two most visible schools in this emerging field are ludology and narratology. Narrativists approach video games in the context of what Janet Murray calls "Cyberdrama". That is to say, their major concern is with video games as a storytelling medium, one that arises out of interactive fiction Dell XPS M1530 battery .

Murray puts video games in the context of the Holodeck, a fictional piece of technology from Star Trek, arguing for the video game as a medium in which we get to become another person, and to act out in another world. This image of video games received early widespread popular support, and forms the basis of films such as Tron, eXistenZ, and The Last Starfighter Dell XPS M2010 battery .

Ludologists break sharply and radically from this idea. They argue that a video game is first and foremost a game, which must be understood in terms of its rules, interface, and the concept of play that it deploys. Espen J. Aarseth argues that, although games certainly have plots, characters, and aspects of traditional narratives, these aspects are incidental to gameplay Acer Aspire One battery .

For example, Aarseth is critical of the widespread attention that narrativists have given to the heroine of the game Tomb Raider, saying that "the dimensions of Lara Croft's body, already analyzed to death by film theorists, are irrelevant to me as a player, because a different-looking body would not make me play differently... Toshiba Satellite P10 Battery

When I play, I don't even see her body, but see through it and past it." Simply put, ludologists reject traditional theories of art because they claim that the artistic and socially relevant qualities of a video game are primarily determined by the underlying set of rules, demands, and expectations imposed on the player SONY VGN-FZ210CE Battery .

While many games rely on emergent principles, video games commonly present simulated story worlds where emergent behavior occurs within the context of the game. The term "emergent narrative" has been used to describe how, in a simulated environment, storyline can be created simply by "what happens to the player Dell Precision M70 Battery ."

However, emergent behavior is not limited to sophisticated games. In general, any place where event-driven instructions occur for AI in a game, emergent behavior will exist. For instance, take a racing game in which cars are programmed to avoid crashing, and they encounter an obstacle in the track Toshiba Satellite L305 Battery :

the cars might then maneuver to avoid the obstacle causing the cars behind them to slow and/or maneuver to accommodate the cars in front of them and the obstacle. The programmer never wrote code to specifically create a traffic jam, yet one now exists in the game Toshiba Satellite T4900 Battery .

Demographics

The November 2005 Nielsen Active Gamer Study, taking a survey of 2,000 regular gamers, found that the U.S. games market is diversifying. The age group among male players has expanded significantly up into the 25–40 age group Toshiba PA3399U-2BRS battery .

For casual online puzzle-style and simple mobile cell phone games, the gender divide is more or less equal between males and females. Females have also been found to show an attraction to online multi-player games where there is a communal experienceToshiba Satellite A200 Battery .

More recently there has been a growing segment of female players engaged with the aggressive style of games historically considered to fall within traditionally male genres (e.g., first-person shooters). According to the ESRB almost 41% of PC gamers are women Toshiba Satellite 1200 Battery .

When comparing today's industry climate with that of 20 years ago, women and many adults are more inclined to be using products in the industry. While the market for teen and young adult men is still a strong market, it is the other demographics which are posting significant growth Toshiba Satellite M300 Battery .

In 2008, the average American gamer has been playing for 12 years, and is now, on average, 35 years of age.

Multiplayer

Video gaming has traditionally been a social experience. Multiplayer video games are those that can be played either competitively, sometimes in Electronic Sports, or cooperatively by using either multiple input devices, or by hotseating SONY VGP-BPS13A/Q Battery .

Tennis for Two, arguably the first video game, was a two player game, as was its successor Pong. The first commercially available game console, theMagnavox Odyssey, had two controller inputs.

Since then, most consoles have been shipped with two or four controller inputs SONY VGP-BPS13A/Q Battery .

Some have had the ability to expand to four, eight or as many as twelve inputs with additional adapters, such as theMultitap. Multiplayer arcade games typically feature play for two to four players, sometimes tilting the monitor on its back for a top-down viewing experience allowing players to sit opposite one another SONY VGP-BPS13B/Q Battery .

Many early computer games for non-PC descendant based platforms featured multiplayer support. Personal computer systems from Atari and Commodore both regularly featured at least two game ports. PC-based computer games started with a lower availability of multiplayer options because of technical limitations SONY VGP-BPS13B/Q Battery .

PCs typically had either one or no game ports at all. Network games for these early personal computers were generally limited to only text based adventures or MUDs that were played remotely on a dedicated server. This was due both to the slow speed of modems (300-1200-bit/s) SONY VGP-BPS13/Q Battery ,

and the prohibitive cost involved with putting a computer online in such a way where multiple visitors could make use of it. However, with the advent of widespread local area networkingtechnologies and Internet based online capabilities, the number of players in modern games can be 32 or higher, sometimes featuring integrated text and/or voice chat SONY VGP-BPS13/Q Battery .

MMOs can offer extremely high numbers of simultaneous players; Eve Online set a record with 54,446 players on a single server in 2010.

Benefits

It has been shown that action video game players have better hand-eye coordination and visuo-motor skills SONY VGP-BPS21A/B Battery ,

such as their resistance to distraction, their sensitivity to information in the peripheral visionand their ability to count briefly presented objects, than nonplayers.Researchers found that such enhanced abilities could be acquired by training with action games, involving challenges that switch attention between different locations, but not with games requiring concentration on single objects SONY VGP-BPS21/S Battery .

It has been suggested by a few studies that online/offline video gaming can be used as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of different mental health concerns.

In Steven Johnson's book, Everything Bad Is Good For You, he argues that video games in fact demand far more from a player than traditional games like Monopoly SONY VGP-BPS21B Battery .

To experience the game, the player must first determine the objectives, as well as how to complete them. They must then learn the game controls and how the human-machine interface works, including menus and HUDs. Beyond such skills, which after some time become quite fundamental and are taken for granted by many gamers SONY VGP-BPS21A Battery ,

video games are based upon the player navigating (and eventually mastering) a highly complex system with many variables. This requires a strong analytical ability, as well as flexibility and adaptability. He argues that the process of learning the boundaries, goals, and controls of a given game is often a highly demanding one that calls on many different areas of cognitive function SONY VGP-BPS21 Battery .

Indeed, most games require a great deal of patience and focus from the player, and, contrary to the popular perception that games provide instant gratification, games actually delay gratification far longer than other forms of entertainment such as film or even many books. Some research suggests video games may even increase players' attention capacities Sony VGP-BPS21A/B Battery .

Learning principles found in video games have been identified as possible techniques with which to reform the U.S. education system. It has been noticed that gamers adopt an attitude while playing that is of such high concentration, they do not realize they are learning, and that if the same attitude could be adopted at school, education would enjoy significant benefits Sony VGP-BPS21/S Battery .

Students are found to be "learning by doing" while playing video games while fostering creative thinking.

The U.S. Army has deployed machines such as the PackBot which make use of a game-style hand controller to make it more familiar for young people Sony VGP-BPS21A Battery .

According to research discussed at the 2008 Convention of the American Psychological Association, certain types of video games can improve the gamers' dexterity as well as their ability to problem-solve Sony VGP-BPS21 Battery .

A study of 33 laparoscopic surgeons found that those who played video games were 27 percent faster at advanced surgical procedures and made 37 percent fewer errors compared to those who did not play video games. A second study of 303 laparoscopic surgeons (82 percent men; 18 percent women) Sony Vaio PCG-5G2L Battery

also showed that surgeons who played video games requiring spatial skills and hand dexterity and then performed a drill testing these skills were significantly faster at their first attempt and across all 10 trials than the surgeons who did not play the video games first Sony Vaio PCG-5G3L Battery .

Whilst many studies have detected superior mental aptitudes amongst habitual gamers, research by Walter Boot at the University of Illinois found that non-gamers showed no improvement in memory or multitasking abilities after 20 hours of playing three different games Sony Vaio PCG-5J1L Battery .

The researchers suggested that "individuals with superior abilities are more likely to choose video gaming as an activity in the first place".

Controversy

Like related forms of media, computer and video games have been the subject of frequent controversy and censorship Sony Vaio PCG-5K2L Battery ,

due to the depiction of graphic violence, sexual themes, advergaming (a form ofadvertising in games), consumption of drugs, consumption of alcohol or tobacco, propaganda, or profanity in some games. Among others, critics of video games often include parents' groups,politicians, organized religious groups Sony Vaio PCG-5J2L Battery ,

and other advocacy groups, even though all of these can be found in all forms of entertainment and media. Various games have been accused of causingaddiction and even violent behavior, though how much ground this holds is debatable. "Video game censorship" is defined as the use of state or group power to control the playing Sony Vaio PCG-5K1L Battery ,

distribution, purchase, or sale of video games or computer games. Video game controversy comes in many forms, and censorship is a controversial subject. Proponents and opponents of censorship are often very passionate about their individual views Sony Vaio PCG-5L1L Battery .

Various national content rating organizations, such as the Entertainment Software Ratings Board or ESRB in North America, rate software for certain age groups and with certain content warnings. Some of these organizations are optional industry self-regulation (such as the ESRB), while others are part of national government censorship organizations Sony Vaio PCG-6S2L Battery .

Most video games display their rating on the front side of their packaging. However, parents are not always aware of the existence of these ratings. Not all ratings are considered accurate. Organizations such as What They Play and Common Sense Media aim to provide guidance and advice for parents Sony Vaio PCG-6S3L Battery .

Commercial aspects

Game sales

The three largest producers of and markets for computer and video games (in order) are North America (US and Canada), Japan and the United Kingdom Sony Vaio PCG-6V1L Battery .

Other significant markets include Australia, Spain, Germany, South Korea, Mexico, France and Italy.Both India and China are considered emerging markets in the video game industry and sales are expected to rise significantly in the coming years. Irish are the largest per capita consumers of video games Sony Vaio PCG-6W1L Battery .

Sales of different types of games vary widely between these markets due to local preferences. Japanese consumers tend to purchase console games over computer games, with a strong preference for games catering to local tastes. In South Korea, computer games are preferred, especially MMORPG games and real-time strategy games Sony Vaio PCG-6W2L Battery .

There are over 20,000 Internet cafés in South Korea where computer games can be played for an hourly charge.

The NPD Group tracks computer and video game sales in the United States. It reported in 2004 that:

  • Console and portable software sales: $6.2 billion, up 8% from 2003 Sony Vaio PCG-6W3L Battery
  • Console and portable hardware and accessory sales: $3.7 billion, down 35% from 2003
  • PC game sales: $1.1 billion, down 15% from 2006

PC games that are digitally distributed either directly or by networks such as Steam are not tracked by the NPD, and Steam does not list sales numbers for games downloaded through their service Sony Vaio PCG-7111L Battery .

Unauthorized distribution is also rampant on the PC.

These figures are sales in dollars, not units, Unit shipments for each category were higher than the dollar sales numbers indicate, because more software and hardware was discounted than in 2003 Sony Vaio PCG-7112L Battery .

But with the release of the next-generation consoles in 2006, these numbers increased dramatically. The game and film industries are also becoming increasingly intertwined, with companies like Sonyhaving significant stakes in both. A large number of summer blockbuster films spawn a companion game, often launching at the same time to share the marketing costs Sony Vaio PCG-7113L Battery .

Criticism

In Australia, the United Kingdom and other PAL regions, generally when compared to the US, PAL gamers pay 40% to 50% more for the same product Sony Vaio PCG-7133L Battery .

As English is the main language in Australia and the UK there is little impetus for translation (although regional differences naturally exist). The differences between PAL and NTSC are these days irrelevant; most video displays run at least 60Hz. But there is a legal problem of regional lockout in Australia, with most DVD players release coming region-free to meet local laws Sony Vaio PCG-7Z2L Battery .

However, video game consoles are still sold fully in Australia. Some effort has been made to increase awareness of the issue, specifically to Nintendo of Australia, was in the form of a formal report outlining the issues, published by Aaron Rex Davies. The report has gone on to gain a lot of attention in the public media Sony Vaio PCG-8Y1L Battery .

A personal computer game (also known as a computer game or PC game) is a game played on a personal computer, rather than on a video game console or arcade machine. Computer games have evolved from the simple graphics and gameplay of early titles likeSpacewar!, to a wide range of more visually advanced titles Sony Vaio PCG-8Y2L Battery .

PC games are created by one or more game developers, often in conjunction with other specialists (such as game artists) and either published independently or through a third party publisher. They may then be distributed on physical media such as DVDs and CDs, as Internet-downloadable Sony Vaio PCG-8Z1L Battery ,

possibly freely redistributable, software, or through online delivery services such as Direct2Drive and Steam. PC games often require specialized hardware in the user's computer in order to play, such as a specific generation of graphics processing unit or an Internet connection for online play, although these system requirements vary from game to game Sony Vaio PCG-8Z2L Battery .

As of the 2000s, PC games are often regarded as offering a deeper and more immersive experience than console games.

Although personal computers only became popular with the development of the microprocessor, mainframe and minicomputers, computer gaming has existed since at least the 1950s Sony VAIO PCG-5G2L Battery .

OXO, an adaptation of tic-tac-toe for the EDSAC, debuted in 1952. Another pioneer computer game was developed in 1961, when MIT students Martin Graetz and Alan Kotok, with MIT student Steve Russell, developed Spacewar! on a PDP-1 computer used for statistical calculations Sony VAIO PCG-5G3L Battery .

The first generation of PC games were often text adventures or interactive fiction, in which the player communicated with the computer by entering commands through a keyboard. An early text-adventure, Adventure, was developed for the PDP-11 by Will Crowther in 1976, and expanded by Don Woods in 1977 Sony VAIO PCG-5J1L Battery .

By the 1980s, personal computers had become powerful enough to run games like Adventure, but by this time, graphics were beginning to become an important factor in games. Later games combined textual commands with basic graphics, as seen in the SSI Gold Box games such as Pool of Radiance, or Bard's Tale Sony VAIO PCG-5K2L Battery .

By the mid-1970s, games were developed and distributed through hobbyist groups and gaming magazines, such as Creative Computing and laterComputer Gaming World. These publications provided game code that could be typed into a computer and played, encouraging readers to submit their own software to competitions Sony VAIO PCG-5J2L Battery .

Microchess was one of the first games for microcomputers which was sold to the public. First sold in 1977, Microchess eventually sold over 50,000 copies on cassette tape Sony VAIO PCG-5K1L Battery .

Industry crash

As the video game market became flooded with poor-quality cartridge games created by numerous companies attempting to enter the market, and over-production of high profile releases such as the Atari 2600 adaptation of E.T. and Pacman grossly underperformed Sony VAIO PCG-5L1L Battery ,

the popularity of personal computers for education rose dramatically. In 1983, consumer interest in console video games dwindled to historical lows, as interest in computer games rose.

The effects of the crash were largely limited to the console market, as established companies such as Atari posted record losses over subsequent years Sony VAIO PCG-6S2L Battery .

Conversely, the home computer market boomed, as sales of low-cost color computers such as the Commodore 64 rose to record highs and developers such as Electronic Arts benefited from increasing interest in the platform.

The console market experienced a resurgence in the United States with the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System Sony VAIO PCG-6S3L Battery .

In Europe, computer gaming continued to boom for many years after.

New genres

Increasing adoption of the computer mouse, driven partially by the success of games such as the highly successful King's Quest series Sony VAIO PCG-6V1L Battery ,

and high resolution bitmap displays allowed the industry to include increasingly high-quality graphical interfaces in new releases. Meanwhile, the Commodore Amiga computer achieved great success in the market from its release in 1985, contributing to the rapid adoption of these new interface technologies Sony VAIO PCG-6W1L Battery .

Further improvements to game artwork were made possible with the introduction of the first sound cards, such as AdLib's Music Synthesizer Card, in 1987. These cards allowed IBM PC compatiblecomputers to produce complex sounds using FM synthesis, where they had previously been limited to simple tones and beeps Sony VAIO PCG-6W2L Battery .

However, the rise of the Creative Labs Sound Blaster card, which featured much higher sound quality due to the inclusion of a PCM channel and digital signal processor, led AdLib to file for bankruptcy in 1992.

The year before, id Software had produced one of the first first-person shooter games, Hovertank 3D, which was the company's first in their line of highly influential games in the genre Sony VAIO PCG-6W3L Battery .

There were other companies that made fps shooters such as Day of the Viper from the company Accolade made in 1989. Id Software went on to develop Wolfenstein 3D in 1992, which helped to popularize the genre, kick-starting a genre that would become one of the highest-selling in modern times Sony VAIO PCG-7111L Battery .

The game was originally distributed through the shareware distribution model, allowing players to try a limited part of the game for free but requiring payment to play the rest, and represented one of the first uses of texture mapping graphics in a popular game, along with Ultima Underworld Sony VAIO PCG-7112L Battery .

While leading Sega and Nintendo console systems kept their CPU speed at 3-7 MHz, the 486 PC processor ran much faster, allowing it to perform many more calculations per second. The 1993 release of Doom on the PC was a breakthrough in 3D graphics, and was soon ported to various game consoles in a general shift toward greater realism Sony VAIO PCG-7113L Battery .

In the same time frame, games such asMyst took advantage of the new CD-ROM delivery format to include many more assets (sound, images, video) for a richer game experience.

Many early PC games included extras such as the peril-sensitive sunglasses that shipped with The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxySony VAIO PCG-7Z1L Battery .

These extras gradually became less common, but many games were still sold in the traditional over-sized boxes that used to hold the extra "feelies". Today, such extras are usually found only in Special Edition versions of games, such as Battlechests from Blizzard Sony VAIO PCG-7Z2L Battery .

Contemporary gaming

By 1996, the rise of Microsoft Windows and success of 3D console titles such as Super Mario 64 sparked great interest in hardware accelerated 3D graphics on the IBM PC compatible, and soon resulted in attempts to produce affordable solutions with the ATIRage, Matrox Mystique and Silicon Graphics ViRGE Sony VAIO PCG-8Y1L Battery .

Tomb Raider, which was released in 1996, was one of the first third person shooter games and was praised for its revolutionary graphics. As 3D graphics libraries such as DirectX and OpenGL matured and knocked proprietary interfaces out of the market, these platforms gained greater acceptance in the market, particularly with their demonstrated benefits in games such as Unreal WD passport essential (500GB/640GB).

However, major changes to the Microsoft Windows operating system, by then the market leader, made many older MS-DOS-based games unplayable on Windows NT, and later, Windows XP (without using an emulator, such as DOSbox). The faster graphics accelerators and improving CPU technology resulted in increasing levels of realism in computer games WD passport essential (250GB/320GB) .

During this time, the improvements introduced with products such as ATI's Radeon R300 and NVidia's GeForce 6 Series have allowed developers to increase the complexity of modern game engines. PC gaming currently tends strongly toward improvements in 3D graphics WD passport essential SE (750GB/1TB .

Unlike the generally accepted push for improved graphical performance, the use of physics engines in computer games has become a matter of debate since announcement and 2005 release of thenVidia PhysX PPU, ostensibly competing with middleware such as the Havok physics engine WD passport elite(250GB/320GB) .

Issues such as difficulty in ensuring consistent experiences for all players, and the uncertain benefit of first generation PhysX cards in games such as Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter and City of Villains, prompted arguments over the value of such technology WD passport elite(500GB/640GB) .

Similarly, many game publishers began to experiment with new forms of marketing. Chief among these alternative strategies is episodic gaming, an adaptation of the older concept of expansion packs, in which game content is provided in smaller quantities but for a proportionally lower price WD passport studio for Mac(320GB/500GB) .

Titles such as Half-Life 2: Episode One took advantage of the idea, with mixed results rising from concerns for the amount of content provided for the price .

PC game development

Game development, as with console games, is generally undertaken by one or more game developers using either standardized or proprietary tools WD passport studio for Mac(500GB/640GB) .

While games could previously be developed by very small groups of people, as in the early example of Wolfenstein 3D, many popular computer games today require large development teams and budgets running into the millions of dollars.

PC games are usually built around a central piece of software, known as a game engine, that simplifies the development process and enables developers to easily port their projects between platforms WD Elements series(250GB/320GB) .

Unlike most consoles, which generally only run major engines such as Unreal Engine 3 and RenderWare due to restrictions on homebrew software, personal computers may run games developed using a larger range of software WD Elements SE(500GB/640GB) .

As such, a number of alternatives to expensive engines have become available, including open source solutions such as Crystal Space, OGRE and DarkPlaces WD Elements SE(750GB/1TB) .

User-created modifications

The multi-purpose nature of personal computers often allows users to modify the content of installed games with relative ease. Since console games are generally difficult to modify without a proprietarysoftware development kit, and are often protected by legal and physical barriers against tampering and homebrew software WD Elements desktop(500GB/640GB) ,

it is generally easier to modify the personal computer version of games using common, easy-to-obtain software. Users can then distribute their customised version of the game (commonly known as a mod) by any means they choose WD Elements desktop(750GB/1TB) .

The inclusion of map editors such as UnrealEd with the retail versions of many games, and others that have been made available online such as GtkRadiant, allow users to create modifications for games easily, using tools that are maintained by the games' original developers WD Elements desktop(1.5 TB/2TB) .

In addition, companies such as id Software have released the source code to older game engines, enabling the creation of entirely new games and major changes to existing ones.

Modding had allowed much of the community to produce game elements that would not normally be provided by the developer of the game, expanding or modifying normal gameplay to varying degrees. WD passport essential SE (750GB/1TB)--USB 3.0)

Maybe the most notable example is Counter Strike,a mod for Half Life, counter strike turns the initial adventure FPS into a round based,tactical FPS.

Physical distribution

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These were originally passed on to customers through mail order services, although retail distribution has replaced it as the main distribution channel for video games due to higher sales.Cassette tapes and different formats of floppy disks were initially the staple storage media of the 1980s and early 1990s WD passport for Mac(320GB/500GB) ,

but have fallen out of practical use as the increasing sophistication of computer games raised the overall size of the game's data and program files.

The introduction of complex graphics engines in recent times has resulted in additional storage requirements for modern games, and thus an increasing interest in CDs and DVDs as the next compact storage media for personal computer games WD passport for Mac(640GB/1TB) .

The rising popularity of DVD drives in modern PCs, and the larger capacity of the new media (a single-layer DVD can hold up to 4.7 gigabytes of data, more than five times as much as a single CD), have resulted in their adoption as a format for computer game distribution My book essential 4 generation (640GB/1TB) .

To date, CD versions are still offered for most games, while some games offer both the CD and the DVD versions.

Shareware

Shareware marketing, whereby a limited or demonstration version of the full game is released to prospective buyers without charge WD My book essential 4 generation( 1.5TB/2TB) ,

has been used as a method of distributing computer games since the early years of the gaming industry and was seen in the early days of Tanarus as well as many others. Shareware games generally offer only a small part of the gameplay offered in the retail product, and may be distributed with gaming magazines, in retail stores or on developers' websites free of charge WD My book elite( 1TB/1.5TB) .

In the early 1990s, shareware distribution was common among fledging game companies such as Apogee Software, Epic Megagames and id Software, and remains a popular distribution method among smaller game developers WD My book studio(1TB/2TB) .

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Online delivery

With the increased popularity of the Internet, online distribution of game content has become more common. Retail services such as Direct2Drive and Download.com allow users to purchase and download large games that would otherwise only be distributed on physical media WD My book elite(640GB/2TB) ,

such as DVDs, as well as providing cheap distribution of shareware and demonstration games. Companies such as Real Networks provide a service that allows other websites to use their game catalog and ecommerce backend to publish their own game download distribution sites Seagate expansion portable (320GB/500GB) .

Other services, allow a subscription-based distribution model in which users pay a monthly fee to download and play as many games as they wish.

The Steam system, developed by Valve Corporation, provides an alternative to traditional online services Seagate expansion (1.5TB/2TB) .

Instead of allowing the player to download a game and play it immediately, games are made available for "pre-load" in an encrypted form days or weeks before their actual release date. On the official release date, a relatively small component is made available to unlock the game Seagate Freeagent Desktop (500GB/1TB) .

Steam also ensures that once bought, a game remains accessible to a customer indefinitely, while traditional mediums such as floppy disks and CD-ROMs are susceptible to unrecoverable damage and misplacement. The user would however depend on the Steam servers to be online to download its games Seagate Freeagent Go(250GB/320GB) .

According to the terms of service for Steam, Valve has no obligation to keep the servers running. Therefore, if the Valve Corporation shut down, so would the servers. However, they have stated that if the service was to be discontinued, games would no longer require authorization from the servers to run. Nevertheless, they are not obligated to do so Seagate Freeagent Go(500GB/640GB) .

PC game genres

The real-time strategy genre, which accounts for more than a quarter of all PC games sold, has found very little success on video game consoles, with releases such as Starcraft 64 failing in the marketplace. Real-time strategy games tend to suffer from the design of console controllers, which do not allow fast, accurate movement Seagate Freeagent Go(750GB/1TB) .

Hardware

Modern computer games place great demand on the computer's hardware, often requiring a fast central processing unit (CPU) to function properly Seagate Freeagent Goflex(250GB/320GB) .

CPU manufacturers historically relied mainly on increasing clock rates to improve the performance of their processors, but had begun to move steadily towards multi-core CPUs by 2005. These processors allow the computer to simultaneously process multiple tasks, called threads, allowing the use of more complex graphics, artificial intelligence and in-game physics Seagate Freeagent Goflex(500GB/640GB) .

Similarly, 3D games often rely on a powerful graphics processing unit (GPU), which accelerates the process of drawing complex scenes in realtime. GPUs may be an integrated part of the computer's motherboard, the most common solution in laptops, or come packaged with a discrete graphics card with a supply of dedicated Video RAM, connected to the motherboard through either an AGP or PCI-Express port Seagate Freeagent Goflex(750GB/1TB) .

It is also possible to use multiple GPUs in a single computer, using technologies such as NVidia's Scalable Link Interface and ATI's CrossFire.

Sound cards are also available to provide improved audio in computer games Seagate Freeagent Goflex Pro(500GB/750GB) .

These cards provide improved 3D audio and provide audio enhancement that is generally not available with integrated alternatives, at the cost of marginally lower overall performance. The Creative Labs SoundBlaster line was for many years the de facto standard for sound cards, although its popularity dwindled as PC audio became a commodity on modern motherboards Seagate Freeagent Goflex desktop(1TB/2TB) .

Physics processing units (PPUs), such as the Nvidia PhysX (formerly AGEIA PhysX) card, are also available to accelerate physics simulations in modern computer games. PPUs allow the computer to process more complex interactions among objects than is achievable using only the CPU Seagate Freeagent go for Mac(320GB/640GB) ,

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Virtually all personal computers use a keyboard and mouse for user input. Other common gaming peripherals are a headset for faster communication in online games Samsung G2 protable (250gb/320GB) ,

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Software

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Today, the vast majority of computer games are designed to run on the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. Whereas earlier games written for MS-DOS would include code to communicate directly with hardware, today Application programming interfaces (APIs) provide an interface between the game and the OS, simplifying game design Samsung S2 protable (320GB/500GB) .

Microsoft's DirectX is an API that is widely used by today's computer games to communicate with sound and graphics hardware. OpenGL is a cross-platform API for graphics rendering that is also used. The version of the graphics card's driver installed can often affect game performance and gameplay Samsung S1 Mini (120GB/160GB) .

It is not unusual for a game company to use a third-party game engine, or third-party libraries for a game's AI or physics.

Multiplayer

Local area network gaming

Multiplayer gaming was largely limited to local area networks (LANs) before cost-effective broadband Internet access became available, due to their typically higher bandwidth and lower latency than the dial-up services of the time Samsung S1 Mini (250GB/320GB) .

These advantages allowed more players to join any given computer game, but have persisted today because of the higher latency of most Internet connections and the costs associated with broadband Internet Samsung story station (1TB/1.5TB) .

LAN gaming typically requires two or more personal computers, a router and sufficient networking cables to connect every computer on the network. Additionally, each computer must have a network card in order to communicate with other computers on the network, and its own copy (or spawn copy) of the game in order to play Samsung Story station (1.5TB/2TB) .

Optionally, any LAN may include an external connection to theInternet.

Online games

Online multiplayer games have achieved popularity largely as a result of increasing broadband adoption among consumers Samsung story station Esata(1TB/1.5TB) .

Affordable high-bandwidth Internet connections allow large numbers of players to play together, and thus have found particular use in massively multiplayer online role-playing games, Tanarus and persistent online games such as World War II Online Samsung G3 station (1TB/1.5TB) .

Although it is possible to participate in online computer games using dial-up modems, broadband internet connections are generally considered necessary in order to reduce the latency between players (commonly known as "lag"). Such connections require a broadband-compatible modem connected to the personal computer through a network interface card Maxtor one touch 4 plus (500GB/750GB)

(generally integrated onto the computer's motherboard), optionally separated by a router. Online games require a virtual environment, generally called a "game server." These virtual servers inter-connect gamers, allowing real time, and often fast paced action Maxtor one touch 4 plus (1TB/1.5TB) .

To meet this subsequent need, Game Server Providers (GSP) have become increasingly more popular over the last half decade. While not required for all gamers, these servers provide a unique "home," fully customizable (such as additional modifications, settings, etc.) - giving the end gamers the experience they desire Maxtor cool black(640GB/1TB) .

Today there are over 510,000 game servers hosted in North America alone.

Emulation

Emulation software, used to run software without the original hardware, are popular for their ability to play legacy video games without the consoles or operating system for which they were designed Maxtor Black diamond (320GB/500GB) .

The operating system emulators include DOSBox, a DOS emulator which allows playing games developed originally for this operating system and thus not compatible with a modern day OS. Console emulators such as NESticle and MAME are relatively commonplaceHitachi simple touch (250GB/320GB) ,

although the complexity of modern consoles such as the Xbox or PlayStation makes them far more difficult to emulate, even for the original manufacturers.

Most emulation software mimics a particular hardware architecture, often to an extremely high degree of accuracy Hitachi simple touch (320GB/500GB) .

This is particularly the case with classic home computers such as the Commodore 64, whose software often depends on highly sophisticated low-level programming tricks invented by game programmers and the demoscene Hitachi life studio (320GB/500GB) .

Controversy

PC games have long been a source of controversy, particularly related to the violence that has become commonly associated with video gaming in general Hitachi life studio (250GB/320GB) .

The debate surrounds the influence of objectionable content on the social development of minors, with organisations such as the American Psychological Association concluding that video game violence increases children's aggression, a concern that prompted a further investigation by the Center for Disease Control in September 2006 Hitachi life studio platinum (250GB/320GB).

Industry groups have responded by noting the responsibility of parents in governing their children's activities, while attempts in the United States to control the sale of objectionable games have generally been found unconstitutional.

Video game addiction is another cultural aspect of gaming to draw criticism as it can have a negative influence on health and on social relations Hitachi life studio platinum (320GB/500GB) .

The problem of addiction and its health risks seems to have grown with the rise of Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs). Alongside the social and health problems associated with computer game addiction have grown similar worries about the effect of computer games on education Hitachi life studio desk (500GB/1TB) .