The United Republic of Tanzania

Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. HP Pavilion DV9572EO Battery

The country's eastern border lies on theIndian Ocean.

Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar.^[6] The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located.^[7] HP Pavilion DV9572XX Battery

Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions.^[6][8] It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours. HP Pavilion DV9574EA Battery

The name Tanzania derives from the names of the two states Tanganyika and Zanzibar that united in 1964 to form theUnited Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which later the same year was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania.

Tanzania is one of the oldest known inhabited areas on Earth; HP Pavilion DV9574LA Battery

fossil remains of humans and pre-human hominids have been found dating back over two million years. More recently, Tanzania is believed to have been populated by hunter-gatherer communities, probably Cushitic and Khoisan speaking people. About 2,000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoplebegan to arrive from western Africa in a series of migrations. HP Pavilion DV9575EM Battery

Later, Nilotic pastoralists arrived, and continued to immigrate into the area through to the 18th century.^[10]

The people of Tanzania are associated with the production of steel. The Haya people of East Africa invented a type of high-heat blast furnace which allowed them to forge carbon steel at 1,802 °C (3,276 °F) nearly 2,000 years ago. HP Pavilion DV9575EN Battery

The Shana clan in the Pare tribe also produced iron.

Travellers and merchants from the Persian Gulf and western India have visited the East African coast since early in the first millennium AD. Islam was practised on the Swahili Coast as early as the eighth or ninth century AD.^[11] HP Pavilion DV9575EO Battery

Claiming the coastal strip, Omani Sultan Seyyid Said moved his capital to Zanzibar City in 1840. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the Arab slave trade.^[12] Between 65% to 90% of the population of Arab-Swahili Zanzibarwas enslaved.^[13] One of the most famous slave traders on the East African coast was Tippu Tip, who was himself the grandson of an enslaved African. HP Pavilion DV9575EP Battery

The Nyamwezi slave traders operated under the leadership of Msiri and Mirambo.^[14]According to Timothy Insoll, "Figures record the exporting of 718,000 slaves from the Swahili coast during the 19th century, and the retention of 769,000 on the coast."

In the late 19th century, Imperial Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar), HP Pavilion DV9575ES Battery

Rwanda, and Burundi, and incorporated them intoGerman East Africa. During World War I, an invasion attempt by the British was thwarted by German General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, who then mounted a drawn out guerrilla campaign against the British. The post–World War I accords and the League of Nations charter designated the area a British Mandate, HP Pavilion DV9575LA Battery

except for a small area in the northwest, which was ceded to Belgium and later becameRwanda and Burundi, as well as a small area in the southeast (Kionga Triangle), incorporated to Portuguese East Africa (later Mozambique).

British rule came to an end in 1961 after a relatively peaceful (compared with neighbouring Kenya, for instance) transition to independence. HP Pavilion DV9575NR Battery

In 1954, Julius Nyerere transformed an organization into the politically oriented Tanganyika African National Union (TANU). TANU's main objective was to achieve nationalsovereignty for Tanganyika. A campaign to register new members was launched, and within a year TANU had become the leading political organization in the country. HP Pavilion DV9575XX Battery

Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as Prime Minister when Tanganyika became officially independent in 1961. Soon after independence, Nyerere's first presidency took a turn to theLeft after the Arusha Declaration, which codified a commitment to socialism inPan-African fashion. HP Pavilion DV9576EA Battery

After the Declaration, banks were nationalized as were many large industries.

After the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring Zanzibar, which had become independent in 1963, the island merged with mainland Tanganyika to form the nation of Tanzania on 26 April 1964. HP Pavilion DV9576XX Battery

The union of the two, hitherto separate, regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to the revolution) but was accepted by both the Nyerere government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar owing to shared political values and goals.

From the late 1970s, Tanzania's economy took a turn for the worse. HP Pavilion DV9580ED Battery

Tanzania was also aligned with China, which from 1970 to 1975 financed and helped to build the 1,860 kilometers (1,160 mi)-long TAZARA Railway from Dar es Salaam to Zambia.^[16] From the mid 1980s, the regime financed itself by borrowing from theInternational Monetary Fund and underwent some reforms. HP Pavilion DV9580EE Battery

From the mid 1980s Tanzania's GDP per capita has grown and poverty has been reduced.^[17]

Politics

The President of Tanzania, and the members of the National Assembly, are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for five-year terms. HP Pavilion DV9580EG Battery

The president appoints a prime minister who serves as the government's leader in the National Assembly. The president selects his Cabinet from among the National Assembly members. The Constitution also empowers him to nominate ten non-elected members of Parliament, who are also eligible to become cabinet members. HP Pavilion DV9580EL Battery

Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were held in October 2010. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi in power. Opposition parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power, though the country remains peaceful. HP Pavilion DV9580EN Battery

The unicameral National Assembly elected in 2010 has 343 members. These include the Attorney General, five members elected from the Zanzibar House of Representatives to participate in the Parliament, the special women's seats which are made up of 30% of the seats that a given party has in the House, 181 constituent seats of members of Parliament from the mainland, and 50 seats from Zanzibar. 
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Also in the list are forty-eight appointed for women and the seats for the 10 nominated members of Parliament. At present, the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi holds about 75% of the seats in the Assembly. Laws passed by the National Assembly are valid for Zanzibar only in specifically designated union matters. HP Pavilion DV9580ET Battery

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Zanzibar's House of Representatives has jurisdiction over all non-union matters. There are seventy-six members in the House of Representatives in Zanzibar, including fifty elected by the people, ten appointed by the president of Zanzibar, five ex officio members, and an attorney general appointed by the president. HP Pavilion DV9580US Battery

In May 2002, the government increased the number of special seats allocated to women from ten to fifteen, which will increase the number of House of Representatives members to eighty-one. Ostensibly, Zanzibar's House of Representatives can make laws for Zanzibar without the approval of the union government as long as it does not involve union-designated matters. HP Pavilion DV9580XX Battery

The terms of office for Zanzibar's president and House of Representatives also are five years. The semi-autonomous relationship between Zanzibar and the union is a unique system of government.

Tanzania has a five-level judiciary combining the jurisdictions of tribal, Islamic, and English common law. HP Pavilion DV9581EE Battery

Appeal is from the Primary Courts through the District Courts, Resident Magistrate Courts, to the High Courts, and the Court of Appeal.^[18] Judges are appointed by the Chief Justice of Tanzania, except for those of the Court of Appeal and the High Court, who are appointed by the President. HP Pavilion DV9581XX Battery

The Zanzibari court system parallels the legal system of the union, and all cases tried in Zanzibari courts, except for those involving constitutional issues and Islamic law, can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of the Union.^[18] A commercial court was established in September 1999 as a division of the High Court. HP Pavilion DV9585EG Battery

Economy

The economy is mostly based on agriculture, which accounts for more than half of the GDP, provides 75% (approximately) of exports, and employs approximately 75% of the workforce. Topography and climate, though, limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area. HP Pavilion DV9585EL Battery

The nation has many natural resources including minerals, natural gas, and tourism.

Extraction of natural gas began in the 2000s. Gas is drawn into the commercial capital, Dar Es Salaam and exported to various markets overseas. Tanzania has vast amounts of minerals including gold, diamonds, coal, iron, uranium, nickel, chrome, tin,platinum, coltan, niobium, and others. HP Pavilion DV9589EF Battery

It was announced in February 2012 that the collapsed volcano approximately 200km north of Mbeya, Mount Ngualla, contained one of the largest rare earths oxide deposits in the world.^[19]

It is the third-largest producer of gold in Africa after South Africa and Ghana. The country is also known for Tanzanite, a type of precious gemstone that is found only in Tanzania. HP Pavilion DV9589XX Battery

The mineral sector started to pick-up slowly in the late 90s; major discoveries are announced regularly. However, the mineral sector has yet to start contributing significantly to the overall Tanzanian economy, and industry is still mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. HP Pavilion DV9590EA Battery

Growth from 1991 to 1999 featured industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals, led by gold. Commercial production of natural gas from the Songo Songo island in the Indian Ocean off the Rufiji Delta commenced in 2004,^[20] with natural gas being pumped in a pipeline to Dar es Salaam, the bulk of it converted to electricity by both public utility and private operators. HP Pavilion DV9590ED Battery

A new gas field is being brought on stream in Mnazi Bay.

Recent public sector and banking reforms, as well as revamped and new legislative frameworks, have all helped increase private-sector growth and investment. Short-term economic progress also depends on curbing corruption.^[21] HP Pavilion DV9590EG Battery

Prolonged drought during the early years of the 21st century has severely reduced electricity generation capacity (some 60% of Tanzania's electricity supplies are generated by hydro-electric methods).^[22] During 2006, Tanzania suffered a crippling series of "load-shedding" or power-rationing episodes caused by a shortfall of generated power, largely because of insufficient hydro-electric generation. HP Pavilion DV9590ER Battery

Plans to increase gas- and coal-fueled generation capacity are likely to take some years to implement, and growth is forecast to be increased to 7% or more per year.^[23]

There are two major airlines in Tanzania: the Air Tanzania Corporation and Precision Air; 
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both provide local flights toArusha, Kigoma, Mtwara, Mwanza, Musoma, Shinyanga, Zanzibar and regional flights to Kigali, Nairobi and Mombasa. There are also several charter firms and smaller airlines, such as Bold Aviation Ltd., Tropical Air and Coastal Aviation Ltd. There are two railway companies: HP Pavilion DV9590EZ Battery

TAZARA provides service between Dar-es-Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi, a district of the Central Province in Zambia. The other one is the Tanzania Railways Corporation, which provides services between Dar-es-Salaam and Kigoma, a town on the shores of Lake Tanganyika and between Dar-es-Salaam and Mwanza, a city on the shores of Lake Victoria. HP Pavilion DV9592EF Battery

Several modern hydrofoil boats also provide transportation across the Indian Ocean between Dar-es-Salaam and Zanzibar.

Tanzania is part of the East African Community and a potential member of the planned East African Federation. HP Pavilion DV9592XX Battery

Tourism

Unlike minerals, the contribution of the tourism sector to the Tanzanian economy is steadily rising year after year.

Tanzania is the home of the world-famous Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain. HP Pavilion DV9595AU Battery

The country has dozens of beaches such as those found in Zanzibar and world-appreciated national parks like the Serengeti and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, which generate tourism income that plays a vital part in the economy.

Administrative subdivisions

Tanzania is divided into 26 regions (mkoa), 21 on the mainland and five in Zanzibar (three on Unguja, two on Pemba). HP Pavilion DV9595EA Battery

Ninety-nine districts (wilaya), each with at least one council, have been created to further increase local authority; the councils are also known as local government authorities. There are 114 councils operating in 99 districts; 22 are urban and 92 are rural. The 22 urban units are further classified as city councils (Dar es Salaam and Mwanza), HP Pavilion DV9595XX Battery

municipal councils (Arusha, Dodoma, Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Morogoro, Shinyanga, Tabora, and Tanga) or town councils (the remaining eleven communities).

Tanzania's regions are: Arusha · Dar es Salaam · Dodoma · Iringa · Kagera · Kigoma · Kilimanjaro · Lindi ·Manyara · Mara · Mbeya · HP Pavilion DV9596XX Battery

Morogoro · Mtwara · Mwanza · Pemba North · Pemba South · Pwani · Rukwa · Ruvuma ·Shinyanga · Singida ·

Tabora · Tanga · Zanzibar Central/South · Zanzibar North · Zanzibar Urban/West

Geography

At 947,300 km²,^[24] Tanzania is the world's 31st-largest country. HP Pavilion DV9597XX Battery

Compared to other African countries, it is slightly smaller than Egypt and comparable in size to Nigeria. It lies mostly between latitudes 1°and 12°S, and longitudes 29° and 41°E.

Tanzania is mountainous in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro,^[25] Africa's highest peak, is situated. HP Pavilion DV9598XX Battery

To the north and west are the Great Lakes of respectively Lake Victoria (Africa's largest lake) and Lake Tanganyika (the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish) - and to the southwest lies Lake Malawi whose elongated depression forms most of the country's border with Malawi. HP Pavilion DV9599ED Battery

Central Tanzania comprises a large plateau, with plains and arable land. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the island of Zanzibar lying just offshore.

Tanzania contains many large and ecologically significant wildlife parks,^[26] including the famous Ngorongoro Crater, HP Pavilion DV9599XX Battery

Serengeti National Park^[27] in the north, and Selous Game Reserve and Mikumi National Park in the south. Gombe National Parkin the west is known as the site of Dr. Jane Goodall's studies of chimpanzee behaviour. HP Pavilion DV9600 Battery

The government of Tanzania through its department of tourism has embarked on a campaign to promote the Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwaas one of Tanzania's main tourist destinations. The Kalambo Falls are the second highest in Africa and are located near the southern tip of Lake Tanganyika. HP Pavilion DV9601AU Battery

TheMenai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area.

Climate

Tanzania has a tropical climate. In the highlands, temperatures range between (10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F)) during cold and hot seasons respectively. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than 20 °C (68 °F). HP Pavilion DV9601TX Battery

The hottest period extends between November and February (25–31 °C / 77–87.8 °F while the coldest period occurs between May and August (15–20 °C / 59–68 °F). Annual temperature is 32 °C (89.6 °F). The climate is cool in high mountainous regions.

Tanzania has two major rainfall regions. HP Pavilion DV9602AU Battery

One is uni-modal (December–April) and the other is bi-modal (October–December and March–May). The former is experienced in southern, south-west, central and western parts of the country, and the latter is found to the north and northern coast. HP Pavilion DV9602TX Battery

In the bi-modal regime the March–May rains are referred to as the long rains or Masika, whereas the October–December rains are generally known as short rains or Vuli. As this country lies in equator here the climate is hot and humid. The easterlies winds cause rainfall in the eastern coastal region. HP Pavilion DV9603AU Battery

Biodiversity

Tanzania has considerable wildlife habitat, including much of the Serengeti plain, where the white-bearded wildebeest(Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi) and other bovids participate in a large-scale annual migration. HP Pavilion DV9603TX Battery

Up to 250,000 wildebeest perish each year in the long and arduous movement to find forage in the dry season. Tanzania is also home to 130 amphibian and over 275 reptile species, many of them strictly endemic and included in the IUCN Red Lists of different countries.

Tanzania has developed a Biodiversity Action Plan to address species conservation. HP Pavilion DV9604AU Battery

A recently discovered species of elephant shrew called Grey-faced Sengi was filmed for the first time in 2005, and it was known to live in just two forests in the Udzungwa Mountains. In 2008, it was listed as "vulnerable" on the 2008 Red List of Threatened Species. Lake Natron in northern Tanzania is the largest breeding site for the threatened Lesser Flamingo, HP Pavilion DV9604TX Battery

a huge community of which nest in the salt marshes of the lake. Areas of East African mangroves on the coast are also important habitats.

Demographics

As of 2010, the estimated population is 43,188,000. Population distribution is extremely uneven, HP Pavilion DV9605TX Battery

with density varying from 1 person per square kilometre (3/mi²) in arid regions to 51 per square kilometre (133/mi²) in the mainland's well-watered highlands, to 134 per square kilometre (347/mi²) on Zanzibar.^[29] More than 80% of the population is rural. Dar es Salaam is the largest city and is the commercial capital; 
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Dodoma, located in the centre of Tanzania is the new capital and houses the Union's Parliament. The African population consists of more than 120 ethnic groups, of which the Sukuma, the Nyamwezi, theChagga, the Nyakyusa, the Haya, the Hehe, the Bena, the Gogo and the Makonde all have more than 1 million members. HP Pavilion DV9606CA Battery

Other groups include the Pare, Zigua, Shambaa and Ngoni. The majority of Tanzanians, including such large ethnic groups as the Sukuma and the Nyamwezi, have Bantu origins. Groups of Nilotic or related origin include the nomadic Maasai and the Luo, both of which are found in greater numbers in neighbouring Kenya. HP Pavilion DV9606TX Battery

The Sandawe speak a language that may be related to that of theKhoisan type of southern Africa, while the language of the Hadza, although using implosive consonants of a similar type, probably belongs to a different group ^[30].

The population also includes people of Arab, Indian, and Pakistani origin, and small European and Chinese communities.^[31] HP Pavilion DV9607TX Battery

Many also identify as Shirazis. As of 1994, the Asian community numbered 50,000 on the mainland and 4,000 on Zanzibar. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 10,000 Europeans resided in Tanzania.^[32] The Zanzibar Revolution of 12 January 1964 ended the local Arab dynasty. HP Pavilion DV9607XX Battery

Thousands of Arabs and Indians in Zanzibar were massacred in riots, and thousands more were detained or fled the island.

Religion

Tanzania's population has been estimated to consist of roughly – Christian 62%, Muslim 35%, followers of indigenous religious groups 3%.^[34] HP Pavilion DV9608CA Battery

The CIA World Factbook however states that 30% of the population is Christian with Muslim being 35% and indigenous beliefs 35%.^[35]

The national census, however, has not asked for religious affiliation since 1967 as the religious balance is seen as a sensitive topic.HP Pavilion DV9608EA Battery

As Tanzanians pride themselves on living together with their diversity, the use of a statistic that is conveniently equal is seen as avoiding rivalries between the various religious groups by not identifying the majority. All figures on religious statistics for Tanzania are at best educated guesswork and differ widely on the question whether there are more Christians or Muslims. HP Pavilion DV9608NR Battery

Most assume that the share of traditionalists has dwindled.^[36]

The Christian population is mostly composed of Roman Catholics. Among Protestants the strong numbers of Lutherans and Moravians point to the German past of the country, the numbers of Anglicans to the British history of Tanganyika. HP Pavilion DV9608TX Battery

All of them have had some influence in varying degrees from the Walokole movement (East African Revival) which has also been fertile ground for the spread of charismatic and Pentecostal groups. Zanzibar is about 97% Muslim. On the mainland, Muslim communities are concentrated in coastal areas, with some large Muslim majorities also in inland urban areas especially and along the former caravan routes. HP Pavilion DV9609TX Battery

A large majority of the Muslim population is Sunni. The Islamic population of Dar es Salaam, the largest and richest city in Tanzania, is composed of mainly Sunni Muslims.

There are also active communities of other religious groups, primarily on the mainland, such as Buddhists, Hindus, and Bahá'ís.^[37] HP Pavilion DV9609XX Battery

Language

Swahili language and English are the Official languages, however the former is the national language.^[38] English is still the language of higher courts,^[1] it can however be considered a de facto official language. HP Pavilion DV9610CA Battery

Tanzanians see themselves as having two "official" languages, English and Swahili. Swahili is seen as the unifying language of the country between different tribes, who each have their own tribal language; English serves the purpose of providing Tanzanians with the ability to participate in the global economy and culture. HP Pavilion DV9610TX Battery

The first language typically learned by a Tanzanian is that of his or her tribe, with Swahili and English learned thereafter.

According to the official linguistic policy of Tanzania, as announced in 1984, Swahili is the language of the social and political sphere as well as primary and adult education, HP Pavilion DV9610US Battery

whereas English is the language of secondary education, universities, technology, and higher courts.^[1] Though the British government financially supports the use of English in Tanzania,^[1] its usage in the Tanzanian society has diminished over the past decades: In the seventies Tanzanian university students used to speak English with each other, HP Pavilion DV9610XX Battery

whereas now they almost exclusively use Swahili outside the classroom. Even in secondary school and university classes, where officially only English should be used, it is now quite common to use a mix of Swahili and English.

Other spoken languages are Indian languages, especially Gujarati, and Portuguese (spoken by Indians and Mozambican blacks, respectively) HP Pavilion DV9611TX Battery

and to a lesser extent French (from neighbouring Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of the Congo). Historically German was widely spoken during that colonial period, but this practice is already forgotten.

Education

The literacy rate in Tanzania is estimated as 73%.^[39] 
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Education is compulsory for seven years, until children reach the age of 15 years, but most children do not attend school until this age, and some do not attend at all. In 2000, 57% of children age 5–14 years were attending school. As of 2006, 87.2% of children who started primary school were likely to reach grade 5.^[40] HP Pavilion DV9612TX Battery

Health

The under-five mortality rate in 2010 is estimated to be 76 out of 1,000.^[41] Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 52.^[42] The 15–60 year old adult mortality (the probability of dying between the ages 15–60) in 2009 was 456/1000 for men and 311/1000 for women.^[43] HP Pavilion DV9612XX Battery

The leading cause of death in children who survive the neonatal period is malaria.^[44] Other leading causes of death in under 5’s is pneumococcal disease (pneumonia) and rotavirus (diarrhea). The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a significant problem in Tanzania; in 2009, the prevalence rate was estimated to be 5.6% of the adult population.^[45] HP Pavilion DV9613TX Battery

Anti-retroviral treatment coverage for people with advanced HIV infection was 30% in 2011 - 7% below the average for the continent.^[46] According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, HIV prevalence has declined among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, young people (ages 15–24 years) and men in the general population.^[47] HP Pavilion DV9613XX Battery

2006 data show that 55% of the population had sustainable access to improved drinking water sources and 33% had sustainable access to improved sanitation.^[46]

Culture

The music of Tanzania stretches from traditional African music to the string-based taarab to a distinctive hip hop known as bongo flava. HP Pavilion DV9614TX Battery

Famous taarab singers names are Abbasi Mzee, Culture Musical Club, Shakila of Black Star Musical Group.

Internationally known traditional artists are Bi Kidude, Hukwe Zawose and Tatu Nane.

Tanzania has its own distinct African rumba music, HP Pavilion DV9614XX Battery

termed muziki wa dansi ("dance music") where names of artists/groups like Tabora Jazz, Western Jazz Band, Morogoro Jazz, Volcano Jazz, Simba Wanyika, Remmy Ongala, Marijani Shaabani, Ndala Kasheba,^[48] NUTA JAZZ, ATOMIC JAZZ, DDC Mlimani Park, Afro 70 & Patrick Balisidya, Sunburst, Tatu Nane^[52] and Orchestra Makassy must be mentioned in the history of Tanzanian music. HP Pavilion DV9615CA Battery

Tanzania has many writers. The list of writers' names includes well-known writers such as Godfrey Mwakikagile, Mohamed Said,Abdulrazak Gurnah, Prof. Julius Nyang'oro, Prof. Clement Ndulute, Prof. Frank Chiteji, Prof. Joseph Mbele,^[53] Juma Volter Mwapachu, Prof. Issa Shivji, Jenerali Twaha Ulimwengu, Prof. HP Pavilion DV9615TX Battery

Penina Mlama,^[54] Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Adam Shafi, Dr. Malima M.P Bundala and Shaaban Robert.

Tanzania has remarkable position in art. Two styles became world known: Tingatinga and Makonde. HP Pavilion DV9618CA Battery

Tingatinga are the popular African paintings painted with enamel paints on canvas. Usually the motifs are animals and flowers in colourful and repetitive design. The style was started by Mr. Edward Saidi Tingatinga born in South Tanzania. Later he moved to Dar Es Salaam. HP Pavilion DV9618XX Battery

Since his death in 1972 the Tingatinga style expanded both in Tanzania and worldwide. Makonde is both a tribe in Tanzania (and Mozambique) and a modern sculpture style. It is known for the high Ujamaas (Trees of Life) made of the hard and dark ebony tree. Tanzania is also a birthplace of one of the most famous African artists – George Lilanga. HP Pavilion DV9620US Battery

Sports

Filbert Bayi and Suleiman Nyambui both won track and field medals in the 1980 Summer Olympics. Tanzania competes in the Commonwealth Games as well as in theAfrican Championships in Athletics. HP Pavilion DV9620XX Battery

Football is widely played all over the country with fans divided between two major clubs, Young African Sports Club (Yanga) and Simba Sports Club (Simba).Football is the most popular sport in Tanzania, despite the little success that has been achieved by the national team. HP Pavilion DV9623CA Battery

To date, they have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup and have made just one appearance in the African Cup of Nations, back in 1980, where they finished last in their group with just 1 draw and 2 losses.

Basketball is also played but mainly in the army and schools. HP Pavilion DV9623CL Battery

Hasheem Thabeet is a Tanzanian-born NBA player with the Portland Trailblazers. He is the first Tanzanian to play in the NBA. Cricket is a rapidly growing sport in Tanzania after hosting the ICC Cricket League division 4 in 2008, Tanzania finished with one win for the tournament, and Tanzania also has its own national team. Rugby is a minor sport in Tanzania. HP Pavilion DV9625CA Battery

Tanzania now has a national team, and used to be part of the East Africa team, but got separated. The city of Arusha is home to Tanzanian rugby, and the city was host to 2007 Castel Beer Trophy.

Politics of Tanzania takes place in a framework of a unitary presidential democratic republic, HP Pavilion DV9625XX Battery

whereby the President of Tanzania is both head of state andhead of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. HP Pavilion DV9627CL Battery

The party system is dominated by the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary State Party) The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Political conditions

Full independence came in December 1961 and Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922–1999), a socialist leader who led Tanganyika from colonial rule, was elected President in 1962.

One of Africa’s most respected figures, Julius Nyerere was seen as a politician of principle and intelligence. Known as Mwalimu (teacher), he proposed a widely acclaimed vision of education.

From independence in 1961 until the mid-1980s, Tanzania was a one-party state, with a socialist model of economic development.HP Pavilion DV9627XX Battery

Beginning in the mid-1980s, under the administration of President Ali Hassan Mwinyi, Tanzania undertook a number of political and economic reforms. In January and February 1992, the government decided to adopt multiparty democracy. Legal and constitutional changes led to the registration of 11 political parties. HP Pavilion DV9628NR Battery

Two parliamentary by-elections (won by CCM) in early 1994 were the first-ever multiparty elections in Tanzanian history.

In October 2000, Tanzania held its second multi-party general elections. The ruling CCM party’s candidate, HP Pavilion DV9628XX Battery

Benjamin W. Mkapa, defeated his three main rivals, winning the presidential election with 71% of the vote. In the parliamentary elections, CCM won 202 of the 232 elected seats. In the Zanzibar presidential election, Abeid Amani Karume, the son of former President Abeid Karume, defeated CUF candidate Seif Shariff Hamad. HP Pavilion DV9630EF Battery

The election was marred by irregularities, and subsequent political violence claimed at least 23 lives in January 2001, mostly on Pemba island,^[1] where police used tear gas and bullets against demonstrators. Hundreds were injured, and state forces were reported to have attacked boats of refugees fleeing to Kenya. HP Pavilion DV9630XX Battery

Also, 16 CUF members were expelled from the Union Parliament after boycotting the legislature to protest the Zanzibar election results.

In October 2001, the CCM and the CUF parties signed a reconciliation agreement which called for electoral reforms and set up a Commission of Inquiry to investigate the deaths that occurred in January 2001 on Pemba. HP Pavilion DV9631EF Battery

The agreement also led to President appointment of an additional CUF official to become a member of the Union Parliament. Changes to the Zanzibar Constitution in April 2002 allowed both the CCM and CUF parties to nominate members to the Zanzibar Electoral Commission. 
HP Pavilion DV9631EM Battery

In May 2003, the Zanzibar Electoral Commission conducted by-elections to fill vacant seats in the parliament, including those seats vacated by the CUF boycott. Observers considered these by-elections, the first major test of the reconciliation agreement, to be free, fair, and peaceful. HP Pavilion DV9635CA Battery

President Mkapa, Vice President Ali Mohamed Shein, Prime Minister Frederick Sumaye, and National Assembly members will serve until the next general elections in 2005. Similarly, Zanzibar President Karume and members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives also will complete their terms of office in 2005. HP Pavilion DV9635XX Battery

As of 2010 Tanzania^[2] was ranked Partly Free by Freedom House. The 2010 Democracy Index marked Tanzania a "hybrid regime", ranking 92nd out of 167.

Executive branch

Tanzania's president is elected by direct popular vote for a 5-year term. The president appoints a prime minister who serves as the government's leader in the National Assembly. HP Pavilion DV9638US Battery

The president selects his cabinet from among National Assembly members. The Constitution also empowers him to nominate 10 non-elected members of Parliament, who also are eligible to become cabinet members. HP Pavilion DV9638XX Battery

Legislative branch

The unicameral National Assembly of Tanzania or Bunge has 324 seats — 236 elected by popular vote, 75 allocated to women chosen by their parties in proportion to their share of the electoral vote, HP Pavilion DV9640CA Battery

10 nominated by the president, and five members chosen by the Zanzibar House of Representatives — all members serving five-year terms. In addition to enacting laws that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly enacts laws that apply only to the mainland. HP Pavilion DV9640US Battery

Zanzibar has its own House of Representatives to make laws especially for Zanzibar (the Zanzibar House of Representatives has 50 seats, directly elected by universal suffrage to serve five-year terms).

Wikipedia has a list of current members of the Bunge arranged in two ways, alphabetically by member and alphabetically by constituency. HP Pavilion DV9644CA Battery

Tanzania's National Assembly members are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for 5-year terms. The unicameral National Assembly elected in 2000 had 295 members. These 295 members included the Attorney General, five members elected from the Zanzibar House of Representatives to participate in the Parliament, HP Pavilion DV9644XX Battery

the 48 special women's seats which were made up of 20% of the seats a particular party had in the House, 181 constituents seats of members of Parliament from the mainland, and 50 seats from Zanzibar, as well as seats for the 10 members of Parliament nominated by the President. HP Pavilion DV9650US Battery

The ruling CCM holds about 86% of the seats in the Assembly elected in 2005, and held 93% of seats in the previous Assembly elected in 2000.

Laws passed by the National Assembly are valid for Zanzibar only in specifically designated union matters. Zanzibar's House of Representatives has jurisdiction over all non-union matters. HP Pavilion DV9650XX Battery

There are currently 76 members in the House of Representatives in Zanzibar, including 50 elected by the people, 10 appointed by the president of Zanzibar, 5 exofficio members, and an attorney general appointed by the president. In May 2002, the government increased the number of special seats allocated to women from 10 to 15, which will increase the number of House of Representatives members to 81. HP Pavilion DV9653CL Battery

Ostensibly, Zanzibar's House of Representatives can make laws for Zanzibar without the approval of the union government as long as it does not involve union-designated matters. The terms of office for Zanzibar's president and House of Representatives also are 5 years. The semiautonomous relationship between Zanzibar and the union is a relatively unique system of government. HP Pavilion DV9653XX Battery

Judicial branch

Tanzania has a five-level judiciary combining the jurisdictions of tribal, Islamic, and British common law.^[3]

In mainland Tanzania, appeal is from the Primary Courts through the District Courts and Resident Magistrate Courts, to the High Courts, ending in the federal Court of Appeal. HP Pavilion DV9657CL Battery

The Zanzibari court system parallels the legal system of Mainland Tanzania, and all cases tried in Zanzibari courts, except for those involving constitutional issues and Islamic law, can be appealed to the Court of Appeals of the union.

The Judges of the Court of Appeal and the High Court are appointed by the President. Judges of more junior courts are appointed by the Chief Justice. HP Pavilion DV9657XX Battery

A commercial court was established in September 1999 as a division of the High Court.

Administrative divisions

For administrative purposes, Tanzania is divided into 26 regions—21 on the mainland, 3 on Zanzibar, and 2 on Pemba. Ninety-nine districts have been created to further increase local authority. HP Pavilion DV9680ED Battery

These districts are also now referred to as local government authorities. Currently there are 114 councils operating in 99 districts, 22 are urban and 92 are rural. The 22 urban units are classified further as city (Dar es Salaam and Mwanza), municipal (Arusha, Dodoma, Iringa,Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Morogoro, Shinyanga, Tabora, and Tanga), and town councils. HP Pavilion DV9680XX Battery

Significant measures have been taken to liberalize the Tanzanian economy along market lines and encourage both foreign and domestic private investment. Beginning in 1986, the Government of Tanzania embarked on an adjustment program to dismantle the socialist (Ujamaa) economic controls and encourage more active participation of theprivate sector in the economy. HP Pavilion DV9695EF Battery

The program included a comprehensive package of policies which reduced the budget deficit and improved monetary control, substantially depreciated the overvalued exchange rate, liberalized the trade regime, removed most price controls, eased restrictions on the marketing of food crops, freed interest rates, and initiated a restructuring of the financial sector. HP Pavilion DV9695XX Battery

Current GDP per capita of Tanzania grew more than 40% between 1998 and 2007. In May 2009, the International Monetary Fund approved an Exogenous Shock Facility (ESF) for Tanzania to help the country cope with the global economic crisis[1]. Tanzania is also engaged in a Policy Support Instrument (PSI) with the International Monetary Fund, HP Pavilion DV9700 Battery

which commenced in February 2007 after Tanzania completed its second 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), the first having been completed in August 2003. The PRGF was the successor program to theEnhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF), which Tanzania also participated in from 1996-1999. HP Pavilion DV9700T Battery

The IMF's PSI program provides policy support and signaling to participating low-income countries and is intended for countries that have usually achieved a reasonable growth performance, low underlying inflation, an adequate level of official international reserves, and have begun to establish external and net domestic debt sustainability. HP Pavilion DV9700Z Battery

Tanzania also embarked on a major restructuring of state-owned enterprises. The program has so far divested 335 out of some 425 parastatal entities. Overall, real economic growth has averaged about 4% a year, much better than the previous 20 years, but not enough to improve the lives of average Tanzanians. HP Pavilion DV9701AU Battery

Also, the economy remains overwhelmingly donor-dependent. Moreover, Tanzania has an external debt of $7.9 billion. The servicing of this debt absorbs about 40% of total government expenditures. Tanzania has qualified for debt relief under the enhancedHeavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Debts worth over $6 billion were canceled following implementation of the Paris Club 7 Agreement. HP Pavilion DV9701AX Battery

The Tanzanian economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for more than 25% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force [3]. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area. Cash crops, including coffee (its largest export), tea, cotton, cashews, sisal,cloves, and pyrethrum, account for the vast majority of export earnings. HP Pavilion DV9701TX Battery

The volume of all major crops—both cash and goods, which have been marketed through official channels—have increased over the past few years, but large amounts of produce never reach the market. Poor pricing and unreliable cash flow to farmers continue to frustrate the agricultural sector. HP Pavilion DV9702AU Battery

Industry

Accounting for 22.6% of GDP, Tanzania's industrial sector is one of the fastest growing in Africa (2010 rankings). Though it has been hit hard recently by persistent power shortages caused by low rainfall in the hydroelectric dams catchment areas, a condition compounded by years of neglect and bad management at the state-controlled electric company. HP Pavilion DV9702AX Battery

Management of the electric company was contracted to the private sector in 2003. And power production countrywide is currently undergoing various diversification projects. The main industrial activities include agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond-, HP Pavilion DV9702EA Battery

gold-, and iron mining, oil refining, wood products, salt, soda ash, cement, shoes, apparel and fertilizer productions. Foreign exchange shortages, bureaucracy and corruption continue to deprive factories of much-needed spare parts and reduces industrial capacities.

Gold mining in Tanzania in modern times dates back to the German colonial period, beginning with gold discoveries near Lake Victoria in 1894. HP Pavilion DV9702TX Battery

The first gold mine in what was then Tanganyika, the Sekenke Gold Mine, began operation in 1909, and gold mining in Tanzania experienced a boom between 1930 and World War II. By 1967, gold production in the country had dropped to insignificance but was revived in the mid-1970s, when the gold price rose once more. 
HP Pavilion DV9703AX Battery

In the late 1990s, foreign mining companies started investing in the exploration and development of gold deposits in Tanzania, leading to the opening of a number of new mines, like the Golden Pride mine, which opened in 1999 as the first modern gold mine in the country, or the Buzwagi mine, which opened in 2009.^[3][4] HP Pavilion DV9703TX Battery

External trade and investment

Tanzania's history of political stability has encouraged Foreign Direct Investment. Government has committed itself to improve the investment climate including redrawing tax codes, floating the exchange rate, licensing foreign banks, and creating an investment promotion center to cut red tape. HP Pavilion DV9704AX Battery

Tanzania has mineral resources and a largely untapped tourismsector, which might make it a viable market for foreign investment.

The stock market capitalisation of listed companies in Tanzania was valued at $588 million in 2005 by the World Bank.^[5] HP Pavilion DV9704TX Battery

Zanzibar

Zanzibar's economy is based primarily on the production of cloves (90% grown on the island of Pemba), the principal foreign exchange earner. Exports have suffered from the downturn in the clove market. Tourism is an increasingly promising sector, and a number of new hotels and resorts have been built in recent years. HP Pavilion DV9705AX Battery

The Government of Zanzibar has been more aggressive than its mainland counterpart in instituting economic reforms and has legalized foreign exchange bureaus on the islands. This has loosened up the economy and dramatically increased the availability of consumer commodities. HP Pavilion DV9705EA Battery

Furthermore, with external funding, the government plans to make the port of Zanzibar a free port. Rehabilitation of current port facilities and plans to extend these facilities will be the precursor to the free port. The island's manufacturing sector is limited mainly to import substitution industries, such as cigarettes, shoes, and process agricultural products. HP Pavilion DV9705EF Battery

In 1992, the government designated two export-producing zones and encouraged the development of offshore financial services. Zanzibar still imports much of its staple requirements, petroleum products, and manufactured articles.

Transport in Tanzania is mainly by road, supplemented by rail. HP Pavilion DV9705TX Battery

Tanzania's road network, is of limited quality and not many roads are tarmacked. Dirt roads become impassable during the rainy season and can remain impassable for days, or, more often, weeks. The only reliable surface connection from the east of the country towards Lake Tanganyika-is by rail, during rainy season. Air transport is unaffordable for the vast majority of people. HP Pavilion DV9706AX Battery

There are few commercial airports, but a large number of basic landing strips forsmall aircraft do exist.

National highways

Tanzania's principal paved highways are confined to the north-eastern, central-eastern, and south-western regions of the country:HP Pavilion DV9706TX Battery

Dodoma to Dar es Salaam (connects the two capitals), 450 km (280 mi)

Chalinze spur from the Dodoma-Dar es Salaam highway to Tanga, 245 km (152 mi)

Segera spur from the Chalinze-Tanga highway to Moshi and Arusha, 370 km (230 mi)

Arusha to the Kenyan border, 108 km (67 mi)

Morogoro to Mbeya, 690 km (430 mi) HP Pavilion DV9707TX Battery

There are no paved links from the capital to the south-eastern, western, central and northern regions. Most of the roads between these areas are dirt tracks, with a few improved gravel sections. Within each area there are paved roads isolated from the rest of the paved network. The situation is: HP Pavilion DV9708TX Battery

South-east regions: paved highways link Mtwara, Lindi, Masasi and Masuguru on the Mozambique border, but the only road link to the rest of the country is impassable after rain. A paved link is proposed from Masasi to Songea which would connect to a paved spur of the Mbeya-Dar es Salaam highway. HP Pavilion DV9709EF Battery

Central regions: only dirt roads with some difficult sections to the west of Dodoma leading to Manyoni, Singida, Nzega, and Tabora. The Singida-Nzega dirt road is the only practical route between the eastern and western halves of the country, without going to the southern or northern borders. HP Pavilion DV9709TX Battery

Northern: paved roads connect Mwanza and Musoma on Lake Victoria, but are only connected by dirt roads to the central, north-eastern and north-western regions, some are being upgraded to gravel roads.

North-western regions have recently seen improvements with a new paved highway from Nzega to the Rwandan border. HP Pavilion DV9710EA Battery

However, the lake port of Bukoba is reachable only along improved gravel roads.

Western regions are the most poorly served, with no paved highways except locally in Kigoma and Ujiji. Only one dirt road runs down the western side of the country, it is just a track between Kasulu and Sumbawanga and prone to flooding south of Mpanda.HP Pavilion DV9710EF Battery

Between Tunduma in the south-west and Nyakanyazi junction near Kibondo in the north-west, a distance of nearly 1000 km, there are no highways in the centre of the country.

International Highways

The Cairo-Cape Town Highway (highway 4 in the Trans-African Highway network) runs through HP Pavilion DV9710EI Battery

Tanzania from Namanga on the Kenyan border in the north and theTanzanian/Mozambican border town of Tunduma in the south-west, via Arusha, Dodoma, Iringa and Mbeya, passing through some of the best scenery in Africa. The section between Tarangire National Park and Iringa is not paved and can be very difficult after rain especially north of Kondoa Irangi. HP Pavilion DV9710EL Battery

A longer eastern route via Moshi and Morogoro is paved. But these have often been poorly maintained in the past so are full of potholes. In south-west Tanzania the Trans-African Highway follows the Tanzam Highway linking Zambia to the port of Dar es Salaam. HP Pavilion DV9710ES Battery

Microfinance in Tanzania began with NGOs and SACCOs (Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations) in 1995 and has continued to grow with the increased success of microfinance internationally.

Microfinance is still a relatively new concept in Tanzania. Beginning in 1995, it was mainly linked to women and poverty alleviation. HP Pavilion DV9710EV Battery

The government tried to convince commercial banks to support small and medium businesses. Once the National Microfinance Policy was implemented in 2001, microfinance was officially recognized as a tool for poverty eradication and with its increased use and exposure to the country, banks have taken an interest in offering microfinance. HP Pavilion DV9710TX Battery

The National Microfinance Bank is an institutional provider of microfinance services, and the AKIBA Commercial bank and CRDB Bank are also two big supporters of microfinance. There are additional organizations involved in microfinance in Tanzania, including FINCA, PRIDE and SEDA as well as the Tanzania Postal Bank. HP Pavilion DV9712TX Battery

Community banks and small banks have taken an interest in this, as well as many NGOs and non-profit organizations.

A recent 2005 survey done by the Bank of Tanzania (the overseer of microfinance under the Ministry of Finance) HP Pavilion DV9713TX Battery

updated the directory of microfinance practitioners and includes basic information on microfinance institutions including commercial banks, financial institutions, financial Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), Savings and Credit Cooperatives Societies (SACCOs) and Savings and Credit Associations (SACAs). HP Pavilion DV9714TX Battery

The directory includes a total of 8 banks, 45 CBOs, 2 companies, 95 Government programs, 1,620 SACCOs, 48 SACAs and 62 NGOs.

National Microfinance Bank

The National Microfinance Bank is probably the closest to a large government bank that Tanzania has. HP Pavilion DV9715EF Battery

It was created from the restructuring of the National Bank of Commerce (NBC) by an Act of Parliament after NBC’s mandated break up due to its monopoly of in commercial banking in Tanzania. NMB is registered in the Companies Registrar and is under the authority of the Bank of Tanzania in external regulation and licensing and prudential supervision. 
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NMB’s main source of funds are deposits and capital making it a self sustainable financial institution. The advantage of NMB is its size and network of currently 104 branches and agencies in nearly every district of Tanzania (currently only 12 branches accommodate microfinance operations). HP Pavilion DV9715NR Battery

It plans to add 16 more branches and offices that can offer microfinance services. Aside from being a large bank, its microfinance operations are of considerable stature. NMB’s outstanding microfinance portfolio stands at Tsh 907.5 million (693,000 USD) at the end of 2001, with an average of Tsh 323,000 (246 USD) per account. HP Pavilion DV9715TX Battery

Their loans are comparable to those of other commercial banks that offer microfinance (i.e. AKIBA and CRDB). NMB makes loans to individuals as well as groups of people and businesses in small enterprise. The primary microfinance product offered and stressed are savings deposits which is the easiest to obtain at NMB and quite reliable as well. HP Pavilion DV9716TX Battery

NMB’s specific strategy towards microfinance is unique in that they link large corporate customers to microfinance loan customers. NMB calls this the Kilombero strategy after they linked the loans given to the Kilombero sugar Company to sugar cane out-growers. The Kilombero strategy encourages growth through loans for the use of capital and growth to both small and large enterprises. HP Pavilion DV9717TX Battery

NMB encourages and expands microfinance in three ways:

Loans to micro and small enterprises for the purchase and inventory and supply of goods

Collection and payment services to large corporate clients to/from micro and small enterprises

Add-on services such as money transfers and payroll services to both the large corporate clients and micro and small enterprisesHP Pavilion DV9718CA Battery

AKIBA Bank

AKIBA has 14 branches in Tanzania, 12 in Dar es Salaam and one each in Arusha and Moshi. Akiba has taken a relatively risky approach to microfinance by embracing and expanding it within their practices. HP Pavilion DV9718TX Battery

The microfinance products offered at AKIBA are savings deposits, group (called Solidarity Group) and individual micro enterprise loans (called Biashara Loans). Their license came from the Companies’ Act and they are also under the authority (external regulation and supervision) of the Bank of Tanzania. HP Pavilion DV9719TX Battery

They are currently self sustainable with their source of funding coming from deposits and capital. They are the first commercial bank to pioneer microfinance in Tanzania and have seen a great amount of success with current outstanding loans at Tsh. 18 billion (13.7 million USD), 4 billion of those being individual micro loans and the remainder being loans to groups or businesses.HP Pavilion DV9720CA Battery

The minimum loan is Tsh. 200,000 (150 USD) and the maximum loan remains at 10 million TZS. Women create over 50% of 12,200 borrowers and generally borrow between TZS 20,000 and 500,000. Being a bank without as much outreach as a bank such as the National Microfinance Bank, HP Pavilion DV9720EA Battery

AKIBA has an easier time focusing on its microfinance operations and is able to measure its success at a quicker and easier than NMB. In addition, reforms to the bank’s practices have an efficient turnover time as opposed to larger banks and training of employees to a standardized practice is much easier in a bank such as AKIBA. HP Pavilion DV9720EG Battery

AKIBA attributes its success to providing services outside the normal financial institution in teaching invaluable business practices as well as focusing on savings and deposits. The growth in deposits can be attributed to the increase in micro loans and the motivation for attaining loans through microfinance as well as additional success in other banking areas. HP Pavilion DV9720ES Battery

AKIBA does acknowledge that they do have challenges ahead, however most of these challenges relate to their successes and planning of logistics for increased success such as increasing research and development, mobilizing more deposits to meet loan demands, a suitable MIS system for increased competition (MIS systems manage and monitor large portfolios), HP Pavilion DV9720TX Battery

human resource training and recruiting (human resources is a relatively new concept in Tanzania and essential to microfinance), balancing between micro and corporate finance (AKIBA only accepts corporate loans from in-house growth, meaning only those microfinance groups that have grown within their bank can obtain larger corporate loans), HP Pavilion DV9720US Battery

and anticipated tougher re-regulation by the Bank of Tanzania due to AKIBA’s higher interest rates. In preparation for these challenges, AKIBA has every intention to remain in microfinance and anticipates great success. HP Pavilion DV9721TX Battery

One interesting aspect of AKIBA is that 80% of their customers have never held a bank account of any form of savings account at an institution before. This is because most banks have turned these people down due to their lack of prior credit. AKIBA attributes their success to being able to gain these clients and then teaching them “the culture of savings.” HP Pavilion DV9723CA Battery

CRDB Ltd.

CRDB stands for Cooperatives Rural and Development Bank however it is not a cooperative. This privately owned bank is one of the oldest banking institutions in Tanzania and the third largest bank in Tanzania (The National Bank of Commerce and the National Microfinance Bank which split from NBC are the two largest banks). HP Pavilion DV9723CL Battery

CRDB has with 22 branches and 2 agencies in Tanzania. CRDB’s endeavors in microfinance are fairly recent, with pilots in only 4 branches. CRDB was also created under the Companies’ Act and is under the authority of the Bank of Tanzania (external regulation and supervision). However, unlike the other three commercial banks in microfinance, HP Pavilion DV9723TX Battery

its primary source of funding comes from The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) which serves as one of CRDB’s single largest share-holders.

CRDB is different from the other two national banks in that it primarily provides loans to microfinance institutions such as SACCOS (the largest type of MFI in this program). HP Pavilion DV9724CA Battery

CRDB as a more conservative bank has taken this approach in order to reduce their risks in microfinance by loaning to groups such as SACCOs instead of micro and small enterprise borrowers. CRDB provides SACCOs with financial stability. CRDB’s total assets are as of June 2003 US $370 million. Its total customer deposits account for US$ 330 million. HP Pavilion DV9724TX Battery

Its pre-tax profit lies at US$ 7.4 million. And its total loans and advances (including microfinance loans to smaller microfinance institutions) is US$ 60 million.

Tanzania Postal Bank

The Tanzania Postal Bank is the 4th commercial bank” that is involved in microfinance. HP Pavilion DV9725EF Battery

Like the National Microfinance Bank, the Tanzania Postal Bank was created by an Act of Parliament and like the previous three banks, it too is under the Companies Registrar and under the authority of the Bank of Tanzania (external regulation and supervision). Its source of funding is through deposits and capital. 
HP Pavilion DV9725TX Battery

TPB was formerly the Tanganyika Post Offices Savings Bank and due its previous functions as a post office with savings deposit services in all post offices throughout the country (through simple accounts), Parliament decided to utilize TPB and create a financial institution of it to promote savings. HP Pavilion DV9726TX Battery

As of 2000, TPB has 4 branches and 15 operating units in larger post offices. TPB’s only microfinance service offered is savings and fixed deposits. What is beneficial about TPB is that it offers convenient savings services to those in rural areas due to its widespread presence throughout the country. HP Pavilion DV9727CL Battery

In addition, these savings services are not as difficult to obtain as an account within a larger bank (CHECK THIS) and those Tanzanians who are more uncomfortable with the use of a bank and or do not have as much credit or capital to create a savings account have access to the savings in the Tanzania Postal Bank. HP Pavilion DV9727EF Battery

A minimum of Tsh 5000 is required to create an account with TPB. As of the year 2000, TPB had deposits of Tsh 41.5 million and continues to grow although facing competition from SACCOs and commercial banks. The total number of customers that TPB has at the end of 2001 is 1,038,243 account holders. HP Pavilion DV9727TX Battery

This gives each account an average of Tsh 40,000. TPB’s primary focus is on savings mobilization for the public of Tanzania, however it also offers Western Union transfers and participates in the Interbank Foreign Exchange Market, both increasing TPB’s financial success and adding profit to the business. HP Pavilion DV9727US Battery

TPB has acted more like a business particularly since the millennium with an increasing investment portfolio (rose 9% to Tsh 39,373 million in 2001) primarily investing in Treasury bills and government stocks (accounting for 72.3%).HP Pavilion DV9728CA Battery

The Tanzanian Postal Bank also offers various types of loans ranging from personal, instalments, short-term and micro-credit (offered to groups). TPB’s loan portfolio mainly consists of “working capital financing, bridging finance, commercial transport loans, crop financing, export-import financing, guarantees and bonds, HP Pavilion DV9728CL Battery

direct personal loans, employer collective guarantee scheme and group-based loans.” The number of loans approved has also grown in 2001 from 69 in the year 2000 to 356 loans the year after. Problems with increasing loan portfolios is the definite risk involved. Contributing to this risk are issues such as “weaknesses in the legal system regarding contract enforcement, HP Pavilion DV9728TX Battery

weaknesses and time-consuming title deeds registration procedures, lack of credit reference bureaus, and past history of non-performing loans (examples from other banks).”

Tanzania has a varied geography, including deep and large freshwater and salt lakes, many national parks, andAfrica's highest point, Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m/19,341 ft). HP Pavilion DV9729TX Battery

Northeast Tanzania is mountainous and includes Mount Meru, an active volcano, Mount Kilimanjaro, a dormant volcano, and the Usambara and Pare mountain ranges. Kilimanjaro attracts thousands of tourists each year.

West of those mountains is the Gregory Rift, which is the eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley. HP Pavilion DV9730CA Battery

On the floor of the rift are a number of large salt lakes, including Natron in the north, Manyara in the south, and Eyasi in the southwest. The rift also encompasses the Crater Highlands, which includes the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the Ngorongoro Crater. Just to the south of Lake Natron is Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,980 m/9,777 ft), HP Pavilion DV9730EB Battery

the world's only active volcano to produce natrocarbonatite lava. To the west of the Crater Highlands lies Serengeti National Park, which is famous for its lions, leopards, elephants, rhinoceroses, and buffalo plus the annual migration of millions of white bearded wildebeest. Just to the southeast of the park is Olduvai Gorge, where many of the oldest hominid fossils and artifacts have been found. HP Pavilion DV9730EF Battery

Further northwest is Lake Victoria on the Kenya–Uganda–Tanzania border. This is the largest lake in Africa by surface area and is traditionally named as the source of the Nile River. Southwest of this, separating Tanzania from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is Lake Tanganyika. This lake is estimated to be the second deepest lake in the world after Lake Baikal in Siberia. HP Pavilion DV9730EI Battery

The western portion of the country between Lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi consists of flat land that has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of theCentral Zambezian Miombo woodlands ecoregion. Other archaeologically important finds include the oldest evidence of hominids' use of wood at the Kalambo Falls, further south on the border with Zambia. HP Pavilion DV9730EP Battery

The centre of Tanzania is a large plateau, which is part of the East African Plateau. The southern half of this plateau is grassland within the Eastern Miombo woodlands ecoregion, the majority of which is covered by the huge Selous National Park. Further north the plateau is arable land and the new capital, Dodoma, is located here, although much of the government is still located in Dar es Salaam. HP Pavilion DV9730ET Battery

The eastern coast of Tanzania is hot and humid, and contains Tanzania's largest city and former capital, Dar es Salaam. Just north of Dar es Salaam lies the island of Zanzibar, a semi-autonomous territory of Tanzania which is famous for its spices. Its lesser-known sibling Pemba lies further to the north. HP Pavilion DV9730EV Battery

The coast is home to areas of East African mangroves, mangroveswamps that are an important habitat for wildlife on land and in the water.

The climate of Tanzania ranges from hot and humid on the coast, to a more temperate climate in the elevated centre of the country. HP Pavilion DV9730NR Battery

Tanzania has two rainy seasons; a long heavy one from March to May, and a shorter, lighter one from November to January.

Administratively, Tanzania is divided into 30 regions, with 25 on the mainland, 3 on Zanzibar island, and 2 on Pemba. HP Pavilion DV9730TX Battery

Enrollment and teaching statistics

Free tuition has led to a massive increase in the number of children enrolled in primary schools,^[6] from 4,839,361 in 2001 to 7,959,884 in 2006 to 8,410,000 in 2008.^[7][3]

This increase has not been accompanied by a proportional increase in resources for teachers, HP Pavilion DV9730US Battery

classrooms, and books.^[8] The ratio of pupils to qualified teachers nationwide in 2010 was 54:1, which was 35% above the goal of 40:1. Every region exceeded the goal except for Kilimanjaro and Dar es Salaam.^[9] Only three percent of students in Standard VI nationwide had sole use of a mathematics textbook in 2007 compared to seven percent in 2000.^[6] HP Pavilion DV9731CA Battery

In 2006, the gross primary enrollment rate was 110.3%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 97.8%.^[10] The "gross primary enrollment rate" is the ratio of the total number of students attending primary school to the official primary school-age population. HP Pavilion DV9731TX Battery

The "net primary enrollment rate" is the ratio of the total number of primary school-age children enrolled in primary school to the official primary school-age population. These rates are based on the number of students formally registered in primary school and, therefore, do not necessarily reflect actual school attendance.^[8] In 2000, 57% of children age 5–14 years attended school.^[10] HP Pavilion DV9732TX Battery

Curriculum and language of instruction

The Tanzania Institute of Education is the main body responsible for developing the curriculum. It prepares programmes, syllabi, and pedagogical materials such as handbooks and laboratory manuals. HP Pavilion DV9733TX Battery

It also specifies standards for educational materials, trains teachers on curriculum innovations, monitors curriculum implementation in schools, and evaluates and approves manuscripts intended for school use.^[3]

The curriculum is composed of twelve subjects: 
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Kiswahili, mathematics, science, geography, civics, history, English language, vocational subjects, French, religion, information and communication technology, and school sports. The focus of the curriculum is the development of the following competencies among learners: HP Pavilion DV9734TX Battery

critical and creative thinking, communication, numeracy, technology literacy, personal and social life skills, and independent learning.^[3]

Except for eight schools, Kiswahili in 2010 was the medium of instruction in the 15,816 public primary schools nationwide. HP Pavilion DV9735EL Battery

In contrast, English was the medium of instruction in 539 of the 551 registered private primary schools.^[11]

National examinations

Until 1973, a student was required to pass the National Standard IV Exams to contine to Standard V.^[12] HP Pavilion DV9735ES Battery

The exams are still given even though passage is no longer required. The pass rate was 70.6% in 2001, 88.7% in 2003, and 78.5% in 2007.^[3]

Under current law, a student must pass the Primary School Leaving Examination at the end of Standard VII to receive a primary school certificate and be eligible to attend public secondary school. HP Pavilion DV9735TX Battery

In 2009, 49.4% of the 999,070 students who sat for these exams received passing marks.^[13] The pass rate has declined alarmingly from over 70% in 2006.^[14] The Dar es Salaam region had the highest pass rate (69.8%) while Shinyanga region had the lowest (31.9%).^[13] HP Pavilion DV9736CA Battery

There was a significant disparity in the national pass rate for males (55.6%) versus females (43.2%).^[13] This disparity existed to some degree in every region except Kilimanjaro.^[13] Kiswahili was the subject that had the highest number of passing marks (69.1%). Mathematics had the lowest passing rate at 21.0%. HP Pavilion DV9736TX Battery

Of those who passed the exams in 2009, 90.4% were selected to join public secondary schools for the year 2010.^[13] There was not enough room in those schools to accommodate everyone who passed.

Pupil achievement levels

In 2000, 82.8% of children in Standard VI on the Tanzanian mainland were at or above reading level 4, HP Pavilion DV9737EF Battery

"independent reading",^[15] which was fourth highest among 14 countries and regions in southern and eastern Africa (Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Tanzania (mainland), Zambia, Zanzibar).^[16] HP Pavilion DV9737TX Battery

Although only 39.5% of those children were at or above mathematics level 4, "beginning numeracy", that was fifth highest among those countries and regions.^[15]

In 2007, the reading achievement level of Standard VI children in Tanzania was higher than that of children in any other country in southern and eastern AfricaHP Pavilion DV9738ES Battery

(Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania (including Zanzibar), Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe).^[17] The mathematics achievement level of Tanzanian children in Standard VI in 2007 was third highest, behind only Mauritius and Kenya.^[17] HP Pavilion DV9738TX Battery

Levels

Secondary education has two levels. Open Level is Form 1 through Form 4. After Form 4, a certificate is issued to all passing the Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations. Selected students may progress to A Level education (Forms 5 & 6) or ordinary diploma in technical colleges. HP Pavilion DV9739EF Battery

Not all schools offer A Level classes, and all students at this level are boarding students. Because of the potential problems associated with boarding both male and female students, A Level schools restrict enrollment to one sex. HP Pavilion DV9739TX Battery

Private schools

Passing the Standard VII exam is not a requirement to continue education, but anyone who fails is not selected to join a government secondary school. This creates a substantial market for private schools. HP Pavilion DV9740CA Battery

Some private schools cater to the economically privileged who wish for better school resources, additional courses such as computer training, and smaller class sizes. Other private schools cater toward those who have not been selected for government schools.

Tuition and fees

Government secondary schools charge tuition of about 20,000 Tanzanian shillings (TSH) per year (around US$12). HP Pavilion DV9740EA Battery

Several fees are charged in addition to tuition, including testing fees, caution fees, watchman contribution, academic contribution, furniture contribution, identity fee, emblem fee, and fee for lunches. The government tries to keep education affordable while maintaining quality as high as possible. HP Pavilion DV9740EL Battery

The number of government secondary schools, which includes community or ward based schools, has increased dramatically over the past few years, stretching scarce resources and teachers but offering an affordable education to many more students. Still, tuition and fees are burdensome to many families, especially large families, HP Pavilion DV9740EO Battery

single parent families, and orphans. Families where the parents do not yet appreciate the value of education, especially for girls, is often enough to keep them from agreeing to pay for schooling.

Private secondary school annual tuitions vary from approximately TSH 200,000 (around US$150) to TSH 32 million (around US$20,000). A typical private school tuition is around TSH 700,000 ($525 USD). HP Pavilion DV9740ES Battery

Enrollment and teaching statistics

In 2008, the total enrollment in Forms 1-4 was 1,164,250 students, and in Forms 5-6 it was 58,153 students. The total number of teachers was 32,835 and the total number of schools was 3,485. HP Pavilion DV9740TX Battery

In the same year, the gross enrollment rate for Forms 1-4 was estimated at 36.2%, and the net enrollment rate was estimated at 24.4%. The figures for Form 5 and 6 were 4.0% and 1.4%, respectively.^[3]

The secondary schools that perform highest in the national examinations employ better-trained teachers, HP Pavilion DV9740US Battery

including experienced graduates. Higher pay and efficient school management attract the higher qualified teachers to non-government schools and seminaries. Of all teachers who have a university degree, 58% work in non-government schools, and of all Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science graduates with education degrees, HP Pavilion DV9741EO Battery

75% are absorbed in this sector. Most of the rest teach in government schools, with the result that very few are in the community-built schools.^[3]

National examinations

A national standardized exam is given at the end of Form 2, although there is no consequence for failing it.^[18] 
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Another national standardized exam, the Certificate of Secondary Education Examination, is given at the end of Form 4. A student who passes is given a school-leaving certificate by his or her school. The student is also given an academic certificate by the National Examination Council of Tanzania. HP Pavilion DV9742TX Battery

This certificate indicates the student's level of performance in several subjects, with division I being the best performance and division IV being the worst.^[3]

Secondary education ends when a student passes the Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examination and receives a diploma after completing Form 6.^[3] HP Pavilion DV9743CL Battery

Depending on the test results, the student may then be selected to enroll in a university.

Language of instruction

By law, all secondary education must be taught in English (except Kiswahili class).^[15] For many students, however, English is their third language. HP Pavilion DV9743TX Battery

Even though Kiswahili is the national language, there are approximately 120 tribal languages spoken in Tanzania. Especially in rural areas, a tribal language is often the first language learned by children.

In 2009, only 35.4% of students sitting for the National Standard VII Exam received passing marks in English.^[19] HP Pavilion DV9744CA Battery

Students who do not pass this exam in English could still attend school where English is the primary language of instruction, making the use of English in secondary school teaching controversial. HP Pavilion DV9744EF Battery

Those in favour of English-instruction secondary schools argue that the ability to speak English prepares students to work in the global economy. Those opposed argue that English-language instruction leaves students out and detracts from students concentrating on the subject matter. HP Pavilion DV9744EL Battery

Curriculum

The curriculum of secondary education consists of optional subjects plus core and compulsory subjects.

The core and compulsory subjects in Form 1 and 2 that are offered by all schools include mathematics, English, physics with chemistry, Kiswahili, biology, history, geography, civics and religion. HP Pavilion DV9744EO Battery

The optional subjects in Form 1 and 2 include home economics, information and computer studies, additional mathematics, music, fine arts, French, Arabic, other foreign languages, Islamic studies, Bible knowledge, and physical education. Students may choose none or any one or two of the listed subjects if offered at their school.^[3] HP Pavilion DV9744ES Battery

The core subjects in Form 3 and 4 offered by all schools include mathematics, English, Kiswahili, biology, civics, religion, history, geography, and physics and chemistry. The optional subjects in Form 3 and 4 include home economics, information and computer studies, additional mathematics, music, fine arts, HP Pavilion DV9744TX Battery

French, Arabic, Islamic studies, Bible knowledge, and physical education.^[3]

The minimum number of subjects required for the Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations is seven. All candidates are tested in mathematics, English, Kiswahili, biology, and civics.^[3] HP Pavilion DV9745TX Battery

Student life

Sports competitions had been an important part of after school activities. This stopped in 2000 but has just been reorganised in 2009. There are after-school activities such as debates and religious groups. HP Pavilion DV9746TX Battery

At all but the most expensive schools, students take part in school maintenance or tasks such as gathering firewood for the school kitchen, grounds maintenance and tending school crops. The majority of secondary school students in Tanzania are extremely dedicated to their education and take the opportunity seriously. HP Pavilion DV9747CL Battery

Lack of a proper study environment at home, their inability to master the English language, poor nutrition/health and other economic related issues are the biggest obstacles students must overcome. It has also been reported that mass fainting is commonplace among schoolgirls, especially at girls' secondary schools.^[20] HP Pavilion DV9747EF Battery

Education sector national budget

For fiscal year 2011/2012, which began 1 July 2011, the education sector national budget is 2,283 billion Tanzanian shillings, which equates to US$1.45 billion (at an exchange rate of 1,591 shillings per dollar). HP Pavilion DV9747TX Battery

This is an 11.6% increase over the amount budgeted for fiscal year 2010/2011. After accounting for inflation, however, the increase is approximately 1%.^[21]

Based on actual performance in recent fiscal years, the amount budgeted for the Tanzanian Ministry of Education and Vocational Training is typically much more than the amount spent. HP Pavilion DV9748CA Battery

In fiscal year 2008/2009, the ministry spent 85.1 billion shillings out of the 128.5 billion budgeted. The gap between budgeted and spent has increased since then. In fiscal year 2010/2011, the ministry spent only 76.8 billion out of the 139.7 billion budgeted.

A total of Shs. 155.1 billion was unspent in the last three years. HP Pavilion DV9748TX Battery

This amount could be sufficient to build 3,875 houses for teachers according to the estimated costs of building one house at Shs. 40 million as outlined by ... [phase 2 of the Secondary Education Development Program]. HP Pavilion DV9749EF Battery

By building these houses we could have reduced the problem of teachers lacking accommodation, especially for schools situated in remote rural villages.^[21]

The education sector was budgeted to consume 20% of the national budget in fiscal year 2008/2009. That share decreased to 17% in fiscal year 2011/2012.^[21] HP Pavilion DV9750ED Battery

Funds budgeted in fiscal year 2011/2012 for development, such as constructing buildings and teachers' houses, consume only 10.2% of the total amount budgeted for the education sector. This compares to 20-24% in Uganda and 14-15% in Kenya. HP Pavilion DV9750EF Battery,HP Pavilion DV9750EG Battery, HP Pavilion DV9750EJ Battery