Trinidad-born Sir Trevor McDonald

Trinidad-born Sir Trevor McDonald is one of the community's best-known journalists, having been the main presenter (newscaster) for the national ITV network for over twenty years.^[66] Other notable media figures include Gary Younge, The Guardian columnist, Sony Vaio VGN-NR31Z/S Battery and Moira Stuart, the veteran BBC news presenter.^[67]Trinidadian-born Darcus Howe has written in the New Statesman and fronted a number of documentary series including the Channel 4 current affairs programmeDevil's Advocate. Sony Vaio VGN-NR31Z/T Battery Much of Howe's work is related to the experiences of British African-Caribbeans and racism in wider British society.^[68] Other notable producer/directors are Terry Jervis (Jervis Media) and Pogus Caesar (Windrush Productions); both have made multicultural, entertainment and sports programmes for Carlton TV, BBC TV and Channel 4.^[69] Sony Vaio VGN-NR31ZR/S Battery The community has a strong tradition of "underground" pirate radio broadcasters. Among the most established are London's Lightning Radio, Genesis Radio and Galaxy Radio, which play a mix of ragga, reggae, bashment, hip hop and R&B. Pirate radio stations such as Supreme Radio, Sony Vaio VGN-NR38E/S Battery Galaxy Radio (which calls itself "the only de-brainwashing station"), Genesis Radio (known as "the people's station" or "the black power station") and the more recently emerged radio station Omega FM Radio are particularly highly regarded in the Afro Caribbean community for not only playing a variety of music such as soca, soul, Sony Vaio VGN-NR38M/S Battery dancehall, jazz, hip hop, Reveail and Funky House, but also for dedicating time to have "talk shows" and "information shows" often taking an uncompromising stance in view. Thus giving the community the opportunity to phone in and participate in an array of subjects that mainstream radio, wider media and even other pirate radio stations refuse to address. Sony Vaio VGN-NR38S/S Battery In 2002, the BBC established its digital broadcasting strand, BBC Radio 1Xtra, to focus on new Black music - which in effect means catering to the tastes of the country's African-Caribbean youth.^[70] The Internet has afforded the community the opportunity to publish en-masse, Sony Vaio VGN-NR38Z/S Battery and there are now thousands of websites and blogs produced by or for African-Caribbeans in the UK such as the BBC's Family History page,^[71] and The African-Caribbean Network, Blacknet UK, launched in 1996.^[72] Sony Vaio VGN-NR38Z/T Battery Award-winning Myrna Loy, a female poet, and published writer who has recited poetry alongside Linton Kwesi Johnson is a poet in her own right. Her poetry radiates passion for political situations, rages against hypocrisy and abuse and balances it with appreciation and gratitude. Sony Vaio VGN-NR31E/S Battery Myrna came second in the Bridport Prize, which is one of the UK's notable and prestigious poetry competitions; and came 2nd for her poem The Last Poem, performed at the Castillo Centre in Manhattan. Myrna is 3-times published, her book 'The Other Side of Tourism' shares her conflict between her British and Jamaican roots, Sony VPCW11S1E/P Battery and her two poetry books 'Poetry's Teacher and Poetry's Promise' share her person and professional life experiences. As a Black Britain, Myrna says: "British culture teaches us to conform, to hide our light under a bushel, to not sing our praises, so as a result I reveal "my light" through my poetry, Sony VPCW11S1E/P Battery paintings and my quarterly magazine called Blackbright News, which celebrates the wonderful works Black People (not only in Britain) have done. I may eventually be relegated to the area where tyrants and revolutions belong, but in he meantime, I intend to shout from the roof-tops what I feel and why I feel it!" Sony VPCW11S1E/T Battery Myrna (aka Lady Loy) is a radio presenter on Jamrock Radio, and uses this arena to promote black music and black talent. One of the most influential African-Caribbeans in the British art world has been Dr. Eddie Chambers.^[73] Chambers, along withDonald Rodney, Marlene Smith and curator, artist, critic and academic Keith Piper, Sony VPCW11S1E/W Battery founded the BLK Art Group^[74] in 1982, when they were initially based in the West Midlands. According to Chambers, significant artists such as the Guyanese-born painters Aubrey Williams and Frank Bowling and the Jamaican sculptor Ronald Moody initially found that, despite achieving worldwide renown, Sony VPCW12S1E/P Battery it was difficult to find acceptance in the highest echelons of the art establishment.^[75] Chambers worked with Donald Rodney and Sonia Boyce, both of whose work is represented in the permanent collections of the London's Tate Britain museum. In 1986 the Hayward Gallery presented the exhibition "The Other Story", Sony VPCW12S1E/T Battery which provided a survey of African-Caribbean, African and Asian artists working in the UK.Other African-Caribbean artists of note include Faisal Abdu'allah of Jamaican heritage,^[76] Guyanese-born Ingrid Pollard,^[77]British-based Jamaican painter Eugene Palmer, the sculptor George "Fowokan" Kelly, Sony VAIO VGN-NR21E/S Battery and Tam Joseph, whose 1983 work Spirit of Carnival was a vivid depiction of the Notting Hill Carnival.^[78] The movement was also part of the impetus that led to the founding of the Association of Black Photographers by Mark Sealy. In 1999 the filmmaker Steve McQueen (not to be confused with the Hollywood filmstar) Sony VAIO VGN-NR21J/S Battery won Britain's most prestigious art prize, the Turner Prize, for his video Deadpan.^[79] The artist and producer Pogus Caesar was commissioned by Artangel to direct a film based on McQueen's work. Forward Ever - Backward Never was premiered at Lumiere in London in 2002. Sony VAIO VGN-NR21S/S Battery Caesar has also established the OOM Gallery Archives, based in Birmingham, which has in excess of 14,000 images including photographs of contemporary Black British culture. There are a number of African-Caribbean academics who are especially prominent in the arts and humanities. Sony VAIO VGN-NR21S/T Battery Professor Paul Gilroy, of Guyanese/English heritage, is one of Britain's leading academics, having taught sociology at Harvard as well as Goldsmiths College and the London School of Economics.^[80] The Jamaican-born cultural theorist Professor Stuart Hall has also been a highly influential British intellectual since the 1960s.^[81] Sony VAIO VGN-NR11Z/T Battery Dr. Robert Beckford has presented several national television and radio documentaries exploring African-Caribbean history, culture and religion.^[82] Other prominent academics include Guyanese born Professor Gus John, who has been active in education, schooling and political radicalism in Britain’s inner cities such as Manchester, Birmingham and London since the 1960s. Sony VAIO VGN-NR11Z/S Battery He was involved in the organising the "Black people's day of action", a response to the 1981New Cross Fire. In 1989 he was appointed Director of Education in Hackney and was the first black person to hold such a position. He has also worked as an education consultant in Europe, the Caribbean and Africa. Sony VAIO VGN-NR11S/S Battery John was the co-ordinator of the Black Parents Movement in Manchester, founded the Education for Liberation book service and helped to organise the International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books in Manchester, London and Bradford. He has worked in a number of University settings, iSony VAIO VGN-NR11M/S Battery ncluding a visiting Faculty Professor of Education at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow and is currently an associate professor of the Institute of Education at the University of London. Dr "William" Lez Henry works with young people, particularly black boys. Sony VAIO VGN-SR11M Battery He is the founder of Black Liberation Afrikan Knowledge (BLK Friday) a platform for people to give presentations to the community. In 2005, he received an Excellence In Education Award at the Challenging The Genius: Excellent Education for Children: “Our Future is Not a dream”, Conference in Chicago, USA. Sony VAIO VGN-SR11MR Battery He is one of the founding members of the National Independent Education Coalition (NIEC). Henry previously hosted a fortnightly talk show on popular London pirate radio station Galaxy 102.5FM (formerly 99.5 FM) or http://www.galaxyafiwe.com/ and who is also a former lecturer of Goldsmiths College. Sony VAIO VGN-SR19VN Battery Prof. Harry Goldbourne is a former member of the radical group the Black Unity and Freedom Party who went on to teach at the University of the South Bank. Although there are hundreds of African-Caribbean teachers in the UK, it has been suggested that their under-representation in inner-city schools is a major factor in the failure, particularly of secondary-level schools, Sony VAIO PCG-5S1M Battery to achieve a satisfactory average of achievement for the community's children (see Bernard Coardand the Swann Report of 1985).^[83] Though research by the Longitudinal Survey of Young People in England in 2011 showed that 66 per cent of those from Black African backgrounds went on to university, Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1M Battery compared to an average of 59 per cent of British Asian (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi) students,^[84] which therefore suggests that as an average, more people from Black African backgrounds are now progressing to university than those of a South Asian background. Sony VAIO PCG-7171M Battery The period of large-scale immigration brought many new musical styles to the United Kingdom. These styles gained popularity amongst Britons of all cultural origins, and aided Caribbean music in gaining international recognition. The earliest of these exponents was the calypso artist Lord Kitchener, Sony VAIO PCG-7186M Battery who arrived in Britain on the Windrush in 1948 accompanied by fellow musician Lord Beginner.^[85] Already a star in his native Trinidad, Lord Kitchener got an immediate booking at the only West Indian club in London. Six months later, he was appearing in three clubs nightly, Sony VAIO PCG-81112M Battery and his popularity extended beyond the West Indian and African nightclub audiences, to include music hall and variety show audiences.^[85] Kitchener's recording "London is the place for me" exemplified the experience of the Windrush generation.^[86] Other calypso musicians began to collaborate with African Kwela musicians and British jazz players in London clubs.^[86] Sony VAIO PCG-31111M Battery Jamaican music styles reached Britain in the 1960s, becoming the staple music for young British African-Caribbeans. Tours byska artists such as Prince Buster and the Skatalites fed the growing British-Caribbean music scene, and the success of Jamaican artists Millie Small, Sony VAIO PCG-31311M Battery Desmond Dekker and Bob and Marcia propelled Caribbean music and people into mainstream cultural life. British African-Caribbeans followed the changing styles of Jamaican music and began to produce homegrown music appealing to both Black and White communities. Sony VAIO PCG-8152M Battery In 1968, The Cats released a cover of Swan Lake, which became the first top fifty hit by a British reggae group and the following year the British African-Caribbean ska band Symarip recorded "Skinhead Moonstomp" - a cover of the Derrick Morgan song Moon Hop - which had a huge effect on the British ska scene. Sony VAIO PCG-61111M Battery The ska sound and rude boy imagery inspired a generation of white working-class youths (especially mods and skinheads), and later helped spawn Britain's multi-cultural 2 Tone movement in the late 1970s.^[87] As Jamaican ska gave way to the slower styles of rocksteady and the more politicised reggae, Sony PCG-71213M Battery British African-Caribbeans followed suit. Sound systems to rival those in Jamaica sprung up throughout communities, and "Blues parties" - parties in private houses, where one paid at the door - became an institution. The arrival of Bob Marley to London in 1971 helped spawn a Black British music industry based on reggae. Sony PCG-71311M Battery His association with the Rastafarian movement influenced waves of young people, reared in Britain, to discover their Caribbean roots. British Barbadian Dennis Bovell became Britain's prominent reggae band leader and producer, working with many international reggae stars, Sony PCG-71312M Battery and introducing a reggae flavour to the British pop charts with non-reggae acts such as Dexys Midnight Runners and Bananarama. Bovell also worked extensively with London-based dub poetLinton Kwesi Johnson. British music with reggae roots prospered in the 1980s and early 1990s. Sony PCG-71212M Battery British African-Caribbean artists Musical Youth, Aswad, Maxi Priest and Eddy Grant had major commercial successes, and the multicultural band UB40 helped promote reggae to an international audience. Birmingham-based Steel Pulse became one of the world's foremost exponents of roots reggae and accompanying black consciousness, Sony VAIO PCG-5J4M Battery their debut 1978 album Handsworth Revolution becoming a seminal release.^[90] British African-Caribbean music had been generally synonymous with Caribbean styles until the 1990s, although some artists had been drawing on British and American musical forms for several decades. Sony VAIO PCG-5K1M Battery In the 1970s and 1980s, British African-Caribbean artists such asHot Chocolate and Imagination became leaders of the British disco, soul and R&B scenes.^[91] By the mid-1980s British African-Caribbeans were also incorporating American hip hop and House styles, Sony VAIO PCG-5K2M Battery becoming leading figures in Britain's developing dance music culture. This led to an explosion of musical forms. British artists created musical hybrids combining many elements including European techno, Jamaican dancehall, dub, breakbeats and contemporary American R'n'B. Sony VAIO PCG-5J5M Battery These unique blends began to gain international acclaim through the success of Soul II Soul and the multi-racial Massive Attack.^[92] British African-Caribbeans were at the leading edge of the jungle and drum and bass movements of the 1990s. Sony VAIO PCG-5L2M Battery Although the fast-tempo drums and loud intricate bass lines sounded fresh, Caribbean roots could still be detected.^[93] Two successful exponents of these new styles were DJs Goldie and Roni Size, both of Jamaican heritage.^[89][94] Later, British African-Caribbean musicians and DJs were at the forefront of the UK garage and Grime scenes. Sony VAIO PCG-6S4M Battery British African-Caribbeans are well represented in traditional British sports such as football and rugby, and have also represented the nation at the highest level in sports where Caribbeans typically excel in the home countries such as cricket and athletics. Sony VAIO PCG-6W1M Battery Some British African-Caribbeans have gone on to become international sports stars and top global earners in their chosen sporting field. Britain's first Olympic sprint medals came from Harry Edward, born in Guyana, who won two individual bronze medals at the 1920 games in Antwerp.^[96] Sony VAIO PCG-6W2M Battery Many years later, sprinter Linford Christie, born in Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica, won 23 major championship medals, more than any other British male athlete to date. Christie's career highlight was winning a gold medal in the immensely competitive 100 metres event in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics.^[97] Sony VAIO PCG-7Z1M Battery Welsh Hurdler Colin Jackson, who went to considerable lengths to explore his Jamaican heritage in a BBC documentary, held the 110 metres hurdles world record for 11 years between 1993 and 2004.^[98] Ethel Scott (1907–84) had a Jamaican father and an English mother was the first black woman to represent Great Britain in an international athletics competition. Sony VAIO PCG-8Y2M Battery She was a sprinter active in international competitions for a brief period in the 1930s. In general, Scott's achievements are only thinly documented, and she is largely unknown to the British public and historians of sport. Jamaican-born Tessa Sanderson became the first British African-Caribbean woman to win Olympic gold, Sony VAIO PCG-8Y3M Battery receiving the medal for her javelin performance in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Denise Lewis, of Jamaican heritage, won heptathlongold in the 2000 Sydney Olympics,^[99] a games where 13 of Britain's 18 track and field representatives had Afro-Caribbean roots.^[96] Four years later in theAthens Olympics, Sony VAIO PCG-8Z1M Battery Kelly Holmes, the daughter of a Jamaican-born car mechanic, achieved the rare feat of taking gold in both the 800 and 1500 metres races.^[100] In the same games, Britain's men's 4 x 100 metre relay team of Marlon Devonish, Darren Campbell, Mark Lewis-Francis and Jason Gardener, all of African-Caribbean heritage, beat the favoured United States quartet to claim Olympic gold. Sony VAIO PCG-8Z2M Battery British boxers of a Caribbean background have played a prominent role in the national boxing scene since the early 1980s. In 1995 Frank Bruno, whose mother was a Pentecostal laypreacher from Jamaica, became Britain's first world heavyweight boxing champion in the 20th century.^[102Sony VAIO PCG-8Z3M Battery ^] Bruno's reign was shortly followed by British-born Jamaican Lennox Lewis, who defeated Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson to become the world's premier heavyweight during the late 1990s.^[103]Middleweights Chris Eubank, who spent his early years in Jamaica, and Nigel Benn, of Barbadian descent, Sony VAIO PCG-7112M Battery both claimed world titles and fought a series of brutal battles in the early 1990s.^[104] In the Sydney Olympics of 2000, Audley Harrison (who has Jamaican heritage) became Britain's first heavyweight gold medalist.^[105] Sony VGP-BPL15/B Battery Other boxing champions from the British African-Caribbean community include the welterweight Lloyd Honeyghan, nicknamed "Ragamuffin Man" by boxing superstar Donald Curry in 1986, in reference to his (in comparison to Curry's extravagance) normal appearance; Honeyghan subsequently spectacularly defeated Curry. Sony VGP-BPS15/B Battery Cricket has long been a popular pastime among African-Caribbeans in both the West Indies and the United Kingdom, though this has waned somewhat since its peak during the 1960s-1980s.^[107] After the period of widespread immigration, tours of England by the combined West Indian cricket team became cultural celebrations of Caribbean culture in Britain, Sony VGP-BPL15/S Battery particularly at cricket grounds such as The Oval in South London.^[107] Almost all the great West Indian cricketers became regular features of the domestic county game, including Garfield Sobers, Vivian Richards and Michael Holding. In turn, British cricketers of Caribbean origin also began to make an impact in English cricket. Sony VGP-BPS15/S Battery In the 1980s-1990s, players including Gladstone Small (born in Barbados),^[108] Devon Malcolm (born in Jamaica)^[109] and Phillip DeFreitas (born in Dominica)^[110] represented England, making significant contributions to the side. Sony VGP-BPS15 Battery Lewis Hamilton, whose paternal grandparents immigrated from Grenada, achieved the highest honour in Motorsport, winning the FIA Formula One World Championshipin 2008, only his second season in the sport, after narrowly finishing second in the championship in his debut season. Sony VGP-BPL15 Battery The first West Indian-born footballer to play football at a high level in Britain was Andrew Watson, who played for Queen's Park(Glasgow) and went on to play for Scotland. Born in May 1857 in British Guyana, Watson lived and worked in Scotland and came to be known as one of the best players of his generation. Sony VGN-P series Battery He played in 36 games for Queen's Park and also appeared for the London Swifts in the English FA Cup championship of 1882, making him the first Black player in English Cup history. Watson earned two Scottish Cupmedals and four Charity Cup medals during his career; Sony VGN-P11Z/Q Battery Who's Who also acknowledged his performances in international matches. Watson's place in football history included a spell in management as Club Secretary for Queen's Park - making Watson the first Afro-Caribbean man to reach the boardroom. Other early Caribbean footballers included Walter Tull, of Barbadian descent, Sony VGN-P11Z/R Battery who played for the north London club Tottenham Hotspur in the early 20th century.^[113] Some years later, Jamaican-born Lloyd "Lindy" Delapenha made an impact playing for Middlesbrough between 1950–57, becoming a leading goal scorer and the first Black player to win a championship medal.^[114] Sony VGN-P11Z/W Battery However, it was not until the 1970s that African-Caribbean players began to make a major impact on the game. Clyde Best (West Ham 1969–1976), born in Bermuda,^[115] paved the way for players such as Cyrille Regis (born in French Guyana),^[116] and Luther Blissett (born in Jamaica).^[117Sony VGN-P21S/W Battery