Other barrier methods, such as diaphragm may provide limited protection against infections in the upper genital tract. Other methods provide little or no protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Sony VAIO PCG-71312M Battery
Some methods may be used simultaneously for higher effectiveness rates. For example, using condoms with spermicides the estimated perfect use failure rate would be comparable to the perfect use failure rate of the implant.[3] However, mathematically combining the rates to estimate the effectiveness of combined methods can be inaccurate, as the effectiveness of each method is not necessarily independent, except in the perfect case.[14] Sony VAIO PCG-7144M Battery
If a method is known or suspected to have been ineffective, such as a condom breaking, emergency contraception (ECP) may be taken up to 72 to 120 hours aftersexual intercourse. Emergency contraception should be taken shortly before or as soon after intercourse as possible, as its efficacy decreases with increasing delay. Although ECP is considered an emergency measure, Sony VAIO PCG-7191L Battery
levonorgestrel ECP taken shortly before sex may be used as a primary method for woman who have sex only a few times a year and want a hormonal method, but don’t want to take hormones all the time.[15] Failure rate of repeated or regular use of LNG ECP is similar to rate for those using a barrier method.
Hormonal contraceptives work by inhibiting ovulation and fertilization.[31] Sony VAIO PCG-3C1M Battery
They are available in a number of different forms including oral pills, implantsunder the skin, injections, patches, IUDs and a vaginal ring. They are currently available only for women. There are two types of oral birth control, thecombined oral contraceptive pill and the progestogen-only pill.[32] If taken during pregnancy, they neither increase the risk of miscarriage nor cause birth defects.[30] Sony VAIO PCG-3F1M Battery
Combined hormonal contraceptives are associated with a slightly increased risk of venous and arterial blood clots.[33] Venous clots, on average, increase from 2.8 to 9.8 per 10,000 women years[34] which is still less than that associated with pregnancy.[33] Due to this risk, they are not recommended in women over 35 years of age who continue to smoke.[35] Sony VAIO PCG-3H1M Battery
The effect on sexual desire is varied, with increase or decrease in some but with no effect in most.[36] Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer and do not change the risk of breast cancer.[37][38] They often reduce menstrual bleeding and painful menstruation cramps.[30] The lower doses of estrogen found in the vaginal ring may reduce the risk of breast tenderness, nausea, and headache associated with higher dose estrogen products.[37] Sony VAIO PCG-3J1M Battery
Progestin-only pills, injections and intrauterine devices are not associated with an increased risk of blood clots and may be used by women with previous blood clots in their veins.[33][39] In those with a history of arterial blood clots, non-hormonal birth control or a progestin-only method other than the injectable version should be used.[33] Sony VAIO PCG-8141M Battery
Progestin-only pills may improve menstrual symptoms and can be used by breastfeeding women as they do not affect milk production. Irregular bleeding may occur with progestin-only methods, with some users reporting no periods.[40] The progestins, drospirenone and desogestrel minimize theandrogenic side effects but increase the risks of blood clots and are thus not first line.[41] Sony VAIO PCG-8161M Battery
The perfect use first-year failure rate of the injectable progestin, Depo-Provera, is 0.2%; the typical use first failure rate is 6%.
Barrier contraceptives are devices that attempt to prevent pregnancy by physically preventing sperm from entering theuterus.[42] They include male condoms, female condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges withspermicide.[42] Sony VAIO PCG-3C2M Battery
Globally, condoms are the most common method of birth control.[43] Male condoms are put on a man's erect penis and physically block ejaculated sperm from entering the body of a sexual partner.[44] Modern condoms are most often made from latex, but some are made from other materials such as polyurethane, or lamb's intestine.[44] Female condoms are also available, most often made of nitrile, latex or polyurethane.[45] Sony VAIO PCG-5N2M Battery
Male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, and have few adverse effects.[46] In Japan about 80% of couples who are using birth control use condoms, while in Germany this number is about 25%,[47] and in the United States it is 18%.[48]
Male condoms and the diaphragm with spermicide have typical use first-year failure rates of 18% and 12%, respectively.[19] Sony VAIO PCG-5P1M Battery
With perfect use condoms are more effective with a 2% first-year failure rate versus a 6% first-year rate with the diaphragm.[19] Condoms have the additional benefit of helping to prevent the spread of some sexually transmitted infections such as HIV/AIDS.[7]
Contraceptive sponges combine a barrier with a spermicide.[25] Sony PCG-31211T Battery
Like diaphragms, they are inserted vaginally before intercourse and must be placed over the cervixto be effective.[25] Typical failure rates during the first year depend on whether or not a woman has previously given birth, being 24% in those who have and 12% in those who have not.[19] The sponge can be inserted up to 24 hours before intercourse and must be left in place for at least six hours afterward.[25] Sony PCG-31311T Battery
Allergic reactions[49] and more severe adverse effects such as toxic shock syndrome have been reported.
The current intrauterine devices (IUDs) are usually small 'T'-shaped devices, containing either copper or levonorgestrel, inserted into the uterus.[51] They are a form of long-acting reversible birth control. First-year failure rates with the copper IUD are about 0.8% while the levonorgestrel IUD has a first-year failure rate of 0.2%.[19] Sony PCG-51111T Battery
Among the various types of birth control they, along with birth control implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users.[52]
Evidence supports effectiveness and safety in adolescents[52] and those who have not previously had children.[53] IUDs do not affect breastfeeding and can be inserted immediately after delivery.[54] Sony PCG-81111T Battery
They may also be used immediately after an abortion.[55] Once removed, even after long term use, fertility returns to normal immediately.[56] While copper IUDs may increase menstrual bleeding and result in more painful cramps,[57] hormonal IUDs may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether.[54] Other potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and, rarely, perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%).[Sony PCG-81311T Battery
Cramping can be treated with NSAIDs.[58]
As of 2007, IUDs are the most widely used form of reversible birth control, with more than 180 million users worldwide.[59][60] A previous model of the intrauterine device (the Dalkon shield) was associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease; however, the risk is not affected with current models in those without sexually transmitted infections around the time of insertion. Sony VPCF138FC Battery
Surgical sterilization is available in the form of tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men.[6] There are no significant long-term side effects, and tubal ligation decreases the risk of ovarian cancer.[6] Short term complications are twenty times less likely from a vasectomy than a tubal ligation.[6][62] After a vasectomy, there may be swelling and pain of the scrotum which usually resolves in a week or two.[63] Sony VPCF219FC Battery
With tubal ligation, complications occur in 1 to 2 percent of procedures with serious complications usually due to the anesthesia.[64] Neither method offers protection from sexually transmitted infections.[6]
This decision may cause regret in some men and women. Of women aged over 30 who have undergone tubal ligation, about 5% regret their decision, as compared with 20% of women aged under 30.[6] Sony VPCS135EC Battery
By contrast, less than 5% of men are likely to regret sterilization. Men more likely to regret sterilization are younger, have young or no children, or have an unstable marriage.[65] In a survey of biological parents, 9% stated they would not have had children if they were able to do it over again.[66]
Although sterilization is considered a permanent procedure,[67] Sony VPCS136EC Battery
it is possible to attempt a tubal reversal to reconnect the fallopian tubes or a vasectomy reversal to reconnect the vasa deferentia. In women the desire for a reversal is often associated with a change in spouse.[67] Pregnancy success rates after tubal reversal are between 31 and 88%, with complications including an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.[67] The number of males who request reversal is between 2 and 6%.[68] Sony VPCS138EC Battery
Rates of success in fathering another child after reversal are between 38 and 84%; with success being lower the longer the time period between the original procedure and the reversal.[68] Sperm extraction followed by in vitro fertilization may also be an option in men.
Behavioral methods involve regulating the timing or method of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present.[70Sony VPCS139GC Battery
] If used perfectly the first-year failure rate maybe around 3.4%, however if used poorly first-year failure rates may approach 85%.
Fertility awareness methods involve determining the most fertile days of the menstrual cycle and avoiding unprotected intercourse.[70] Sony VPCYA15EC Battery
Techniques for determining fertility include monitoring basal body temperature, cervical secretions, or the day of the cycle.[70] They have typical first-year failure rates of 24%; perfect use first-year failure rates depend on which method is used and range from 0.4% to 5%.[19] The evidence on which these estimates are based, however, is poor as the majority of people in trials stop their use early.[70] Globally, they are used by about 3.6% of couples.[72] Sony VPCYA16EC Battery
If based on both basal body temperature and another primary sign, the method is referred to as symptothermal. Overall first-year failure rates of <2% to 20% have been reported in clinical studies of the symptothermal method.
The withdrawal method (also known as coitus interruptus) is the practice of ending sexual intercourse ("pulling out") before ejaculation.[75] Sony VPCYA25EC Battery
The main risk of the withdrawal method is that the man may not perform the maneuver correctly or in a timely manner.[75] First-year failure rates vary from 4% with perfect usage to 22% with typical usage.[19] It is not considered birth control by some medical professionals.[25]
There is little evidence regarding the sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid.[76] Sony VPCYA26EC Battery
While some tentative research did not find sperm,[76] one trial found sperm present in 10 out of 27 volunteers.[77] The withdrawal method is used as birth control by about 3% of couples.
Though some groups advocate total sexual abstinence, by which they mean the avoidance of all sexual activity, in the context of birth control the term usually means abstinence from vaginal intercourse.[78][79] Sony VPCYB15JC Battery
Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy; however, not everyone who intends to be abstinent refrains from all sexual activity, and in many populations there is a significant risk of pregnancy from nonconsensual sex.[80][81]
Abstinence-only sex education does not reduce teen pregnancy.[5][82] Teen pregnancy rates are higher in students given abstinence-only education, as compared with comprehensive sex education.[82][83Sony VPCYA17GH/R Battery
] Some authorities recommend that those using abstinence as a primary method have backup method(s) available (such as condoms or emergency contraceptive pills).[84] Deliberate non-penetrative sex without vaginal sex or deliberate oral sex without vaginal sex are also sometimes considered birth control.[85] Sony VPCCW2S8E/W Battery
While this generally avoids pregnancy, pregnancy can still occur with intercrural sex and other forms of penis-near-vagina sex (genital rubbing, and the penis exiting from anal intercourse) where sperm can be deposited near the entrance to the vagina and can travel along the vagina's lubricating fluids.
The lactational amenorrhea method involves the use of a woman's natural postpartum infertility which occurs after delivery and may be extended bybreastfeeding.[88Sony VPCCW2Z1E/B Battery
] This usually requires the presence of no periods, exclusively breastfeeding the infant, and a child younger than six months.[22] The World Health Organization states that if breastfeeding is the infant's only source of nutrition, the failure rate is 2% in the six months following delivery.[89] Six uncontrolled studies of lactational amenorrhea method users found failure rates at 6 months postpartum between 0% and 7.5%.[90] Sony VPCY11S1E Battery
Failure rates increase to 4–7% at one year and 13% at two years.[91] Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing, the use of a pacifier, and feeding solids all increase its failure rate.[92]In those who are exclusively breastfeeding, about 10% begin having periods before three months and 20% before six months.[91] In those who are not breastfeeding, fertility may return four weeks after delivery. Sony VPCY11S1E/S Battery
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