Great Barrier Reef

http://www.all-laptopfan.com/,http://www.all-keyboard.com/ The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system^[1][2] composed of over 2,900 individual reefs^[3] and 900 islands stretching for over 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi).^[4][5] The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. HP 3MLX8TATP40 CPU Fan The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.^[6] This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps.^[7] It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981.^[1][2] CNN labeled it one of theseven natural wonders of the world.^[8] The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland.^[9] HP Pavilion dv7-1240us CPU Fan A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism. Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish.  DELL yy529 CPU Fan According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985.^[10] The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islanderpeoples, and is an important part of local groups' cultures and spirituality. Toshiba Qosmio G40-10E CPU Fan The reef is a very popular destination for tourists, especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions. Tourism is an important economic activity for the region, generating over $3 billion per year. The Great Barrier Reef is a distinct feature of the East Australian Cordillera division. SONY Vaio VGN-CR407E CPU Fan It includes the smaller Murray Islands.^[12] It reaches from Torres Strait (between Bramble Cay, its northernmost island, and the south coast of Papua New Guinea) in the north to the unnamed passage between Lady Elliot Island (its southernmost island) and Fraser Island in the south. Lady Elliot Island is located 1,915 km (1,190 mi) southeast of Bramble Cay as the crow flies.^[13] HP Pavilion dv6-1101au CPU Fan Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7 cm (2.8 in) per year, starting during the Cenozoic.^[14] Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift, which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400 km (250 mi) inland. Also during this time, Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows.^[15] HP Pavilion dv7-3190ev CPU Fan Some of these granitic outcrops have become high islands.^[16] After the Coral Sea Basin formed, coral reefs began to grow in the Basin, but until about 25 million years ago, northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics—too cool to support coral growth.^[17] The Great Barrier Reef's development history is complex; HP Pavilion dv7-1157cl CPU Fan after Queensland drifted into tropical waters, it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed.^[18] Reefs can increase in diameter by 1 to 3 centimetres (0.39 to 1.2 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.8 in) per year; HP COMPAQ NX9420 CPU Fan however, they grow only above a depth of 150 metres (490 ft) due to their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.^[19] When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago, some coral grew,^[20] but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range; creating river deltas,oozes and turbidites, unsuitable conditions for coral growth. HP Mini 110-1110ET CPU Fan 10 million years ago, the sea level significantly lowered, which further enabled sedimentation. The reef's substrate may have needed to build up from the sediment until its edge was too far away for suspended sediments to inhibit coral growth. In addition, approximately 400,000 years ago there was a particularly warm interglacial periodwith higher sea levels and a 4 °C (7 °F) water temperature change. HP Pavilion dv7-1157cl CPU Fan The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of theGreat Dividing Range with some larger hills (some of which were themselves remnants of older reefs^[22] or volcanoes^[16]).^[14] The Reef Research Centre, HP Pavilion dv6-3163eo CPU Fan a Cooperative Research Centre, has found coral 'skeleton' deposits that date back half a million years.^[23] The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600,000 years ago.^[24] According to the GBRMPA, HP Pavilion dv9740us CPU Fan the current, living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20,000 years ago.^[24] The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees, placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. At around that time, sea level was 120 metres (390 ft) lower than it is today.^[22] ACER Aspire 4743 CPU Fan From 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years ago, sea level rose steadily. As it rose, the corals could then grow higher on the hills of the coastal plain. By around 13,000 years ago the sea level was only 60 metres (200 ft) lower than the present day, and corals began to grow around the hills of the coastal plain, which were, by then, continental islands. HP Pavilion dv6-2170us CPU Fan As the sea level rose further still, most of the continental islands were submerged. The corals could then overgrow the hills, to form the presentcays and reefs. Sea level here has not risen significantly in the last 6,000 years.^[22] The CRC Reef Research Centre estimates the age of the present, living reef structure at 6,000 to 8,000 years old.^[23] Toshiba Satellite L675-S7018 CPU Fan The remains of an ancient barrier reef similar to the Great Barrier Reef can be found in The Kimberley, Western Australia.^[25] The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions,^[26] of which 30 are reef bioregions. ASUS F80Q CPU Fan In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system.^[23] There are no atolls in the system,^[29] and reefs attached to the mainland are rare.^[14] Fringing reefs are distributed widely, but are most common towards the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef, attached to high islands, for example, the Whitsunday Islands. ACER TravelMate 4200 CPU Fan Lagoonal reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef, and further north, off the coast of Princess Charlotte Bay. Cresentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system, for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island. Cresentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and in the Swain Reefs (20–22 degrees south). HP 434678-001 CPU Fan Planar reefs are found in the northern and southern parts, near Cape York Peninsula, Princess Charlotte Bay, and Cairns. Most of the islands on the reef are found on planar reefs. The Great Barrier Reef supports a diversity of life, including many vulnerable or endangered species, some of which may beendemic to the reef system. HP G70-120EA CPU Fan Thirty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises have been recorded in the Great Barrier Reef, including the dwarf minke whale, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, and the humpback whale. Large populations of dugongs live there. More than 1,500 fish species live on the reef, including the clownfish, red bass, red-throat emperor, and several species of snapper and coral trout.^[ Toshiba Satellite A300-034 CPU Fan Forty-nine species mass spawn, while eighty-four other species spawn elsewhere in their range.^[35] Seventeen species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef in warm waters up to 50 metres (160 ft) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section. None found in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area are endemic, nor are any endangered.^[36] HP 606609-001 CPU Fan Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed – the green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, hawksbill turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, flatback turtle, and the olive ridley. The green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef have two genetically distinct populations, one in the northern part of the reef and the other in the southern part.^[37] Compaq Presario CQ60-301sl CPU Fan Fifteen species of seagrass in beds attract the dugongs and turtles,^[33] and provide fish habitat.^[38] The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule.^[39] Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef.^[40] TOSHIBA Satellite L300 CPU Fan Nesting has not been reported, and the salt water crocodile population in the GBRWHA is wide-ranging but low density.^[36] Around 125 species of shark, stingray,skates or chimaera live on the reef.^[41][42] Close to 5,000 species of mollusc have been recorded on the reef, including thegiant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails.^[33] ASUS Eee PC 701 CPU Fan Forty-nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been recorded.^[36] At least seven species of frog inhabit the islands.^[43] 215 species of birds (including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds) visit the reef or nest or roost on the islands,^[44] including the white-bellied sea eagle and roseate tern.^[33] Compaq Presario CQ60-305sa CPU Fan Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef, with 1.4 to 1.7 million birds using the sites to breed.^[45][46] The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also support 2,195 known plant species; three of these are endemic. The northern islands have 300–350 plant species which tend to be woody, HP 637607-001 CPU Fan whereas the southern islands have 200 which tend to be herbaceous; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse, supporting 1,141 species. The plants are propagated by birds. There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1–10 cm (0.4–4 in). Between 300–500 species of bryozoans live on the reef.^[42] HP Pavilion dv7-3067nr CPU Fan Four hundred coral species, both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef.^[33]The majority of these spawn gametes, breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer, the lunar cycle, and the diurnal cycle. Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October, HP Pavilion dv5-1210ez CPU Fan while the outer reefs spawn in November and December.^[47] Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera.^[48] Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef,^[33] including thirteen species of genusHalimeda, which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres (110 yd) wide, creating mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover. Compaq Presario CQ50-211nr CPU Fan Climate change, pollution, crown-of-thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system. Other threats include shipping accidents, oil spills, and tropical cyclones.^[50] Skeletal Eroding Band, a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia, affects 31 coral species.^[51] HP G56-114SA CPU Fan According to a 2012 study by theNational Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the lost occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change, causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching.^[ SONY Vaio VGN-CR21Z/N CPU Fan Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006,^[56] and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.^[57] As global warming continues due to anthropogenic causes, corals will not be able to keep up with increasing ocean temperatures. HP Pavilion dv7-4060eo CPU Fan Coral bleaching events lead to increased disease susceptibility, which causes detrimental ecological effects for reef communities.^[58] Climate change has implications for other forms of reef life—some fish's preferred temperature range leads them to seek new habitat, thus increasing chick mortality in predatory seabirds. Toshiba Satellite M70-252 CPU Fan Climate change will also affect the population and sea turtle's available habitat.^[59] Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures. Toshiba Satellite A100-455 CPU Fan Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures, affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress. Another key threat faced by the Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declining water quality. The rivers of north eastern Australia pollute the Reef during tropical flood events. HP Pavilion dv5-2112br CPU Fan Over 90% of this pollution comes from farm runoff.^[61] Farm run-off is caused by overgrazing, excessive fertiliser use, and pesticide use. The runoff problem is exacerbated by the loss of coastal wetlands which act as a natural filter for toxins and help deposit sediment. It is thought that the poor water quality is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae. DELL BFB0505HA CPU Fan The crown-of-thorns starfish preys on coral polyps. Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs. In 2000, an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66% of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the RRC (Reefs Research Centre.)^[66] Outbreaks are believed to occur in natural cycles, worsened by poor water quality and overfishing of the starfish's predators. HP Pavilion dv6-3299en CPU Fan The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species, such as the Giant Triton, can disrupt food chains vital to reef life. Fishing also impacts the reef through increased water pollution from boats, by-catch of unwanted species (such as dolphins and turtles) and habitat destruction from trawling, anchors and nets.^[68] SONY Vaio VGN-NW11Z/T CPU Fan As of the middle of 2004, approximately one-third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind, including fishing, without written permission. Shipping accidents are a pressing concern, as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef.^[70] Toshiba Satellite L550-20W CPU Fan Although the route through the Great Barrier Reef is not easy, reef pilots consider it safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure, since a ship can sit safely while being repaired.^[71] There have been over 1,600 known shipwrecks in the Great Barrier Reef region.^[72] HP Pavilion dv7-4183sf CPU Fan On 3 April 2010, bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals,^[73] spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef. The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples. HP Pavilion dv7-3190ev CPU Fan Aboriginal Australians have been living in the area for at least 40,000 years,^[75] and Torres Strait Islanders since about 10,000 years ago.^[76] For these 70 or so clan groups, the reef is also an important cultural feature.^[77] In 1768 Louis de Bougainville found the reef during an exploratory mission, but did not claim the area for the French.^[78] HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan On 11 June 1770, the HM Bark Endeavour, captained by explorer James Cook, ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef, sustaining considerable damage. Lightening the ship and re-floating it during an incoming tide eventually saved it.^[79] One of the most famous wrecks was the HMS Pandora, which sank on 29 August 1791, killing 35 men. HP G62-244CA CPU Fan The Queensland Museum has led archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983.^[80] Because the reef had no atolls, it was largely unstudied in the 19th century.^[29] During this time, some of the reef's islands were mined for deposits of guano, and lighthouses were built as beacons throughout the system.^[81] HP Pavilion dv7-3190ei CPU Fan as in Raine Island, the earliest example.^[82] In 1922, the Great Barrier Reef Committee began carrying out much of the early research on the reef. Royal Commissions disallowed oil drilling in the Great Barrier Reef, in 1975 the Government of Australia created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and prohibited various activities.^[84] HP G62-244CA CPU Fan The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park does not include the entire Great Barrier Reef Province.^[13] The park is managed, in partnership with the Government of Queensland, through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that it is used in a sustainable manner. A combination of zoning, management plans, ASUS A6000R CPU Fan permits, education and incentives (such as eco-tourism certification) are employed in the effort to conserve the reef.In 1999, the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities. HP Pavilion dv7-6011sg CPU Fan The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law. This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment. There are two steps to this process. The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five (currently) different marine regions. Toshiba Satellite L300D-01P CPU Fan The second step is to identify marine reserves (protected areas or marine parks) to be added to Australia’s National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas. Like protected areas on land, marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come. Compaq Presario CQ60-409CA CPU Fan Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called "Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas", also known as just “the Guidelines”. HP Mini 110-3010sf CPU Fan These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the “Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters”. Toshiba Satellite L645D-S4056 CPU Fan These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data. The priorities for each region are created based on human and environmental threats and the Marine Bioregional Plans are drafted to address these priorities. Toshiba Satellite M70-142 CPU Fan To assess different region’s priorities, three steps are taken, first, a bioregional profile is created, second, a bioregional plan is drafted, and third, the plan is finalised. After the plan is finalized, activity in different bioregions may become limited based on particular threats an activity may pose. DELL Inspiron E1505 CPU Fan In 2001, the GBRMPA released a report about the declining water quality in the Great Barrier Reef and detailed the importance of this issue. In repose to this report a joint initiative between the governments of Australia and Queensland to improve the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef. HP 532613-001 CPU Fan In 2003, the Australian and Queensland governments launched a joint initiative to improve the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef. The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years (due to development) has contributed to coral bleaching, algal blooms, and pesticide pollution. HP Envy 14-1080eo CPU Fan These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change. When the plan was introduced in October in 2003, it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation. Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013. ACER TravelMate 5230 CPU Fan By 2020, they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it doesn't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef. To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants. Lenovo 3000 G430 CPU Fan In order to achieve the objectives described above, this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution, which cannot be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet. The plan specifically targets nutrients, pesticides and sediment that make their way into the reef as a result of agricultural activities. ASUS EEE PC 1215N CPU Fan Other non-point sources of pollution that are attributed to urban areas are covered under different legislation. In 2009, the plan was updated. The updated version states that to date, none of the efforts undertaken to improve the quality of water entering the reef has been successful. Dell Vostro 3750 CPU Fan The new plan attempts to address this issue by "targeting priority outcomes, integrating industry and community initiatives and incorporating new policy and regulatory frameworks (Reef Plan 5)". This updated version has improved the clarity of the previous plan and targets set by that plan, have improved accountability and further improved monitoring and assessment. Toshiba Satellite L500-018 CPU Fan The 2009 report found that 41 out of the 65 actions met their original goals, however, 18 were not progressing well according to evaluation criteria as well as 6 were rated as having unsatisfactory levels of progress. Some key achievements made since the plan's initial passing in 2003 were the establishment of the Reef Quality Partnership to set targets, COMPAQ Presario CQ42-116TU CPU Fan report findings and monitor progress towards targets, improved land condition by landowners was rewarded with extended leases, Water Quality Improvement Plans were created to identify regional targets and identified management changes that needed to be made to reach those targets, HP Pavilion dv6-2115eg CPU Fan Nutrient Management Zones have been created to combatsediment loss in particular areas, education programs have been started to help gather support for sustainable agriculture, changes to land management practices have taken place through the implementation of the Farm Management Systems and codes of practice, Toshiba Satellite L645D-S4056 CPU Fan the creation of the Queensland Wetland program and other achievements were made to help improve the water quality flowing into the coral reefs. A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs. HP 646578-001 CPU Fan They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change. The Reefocus summit in 2008, which is also detailed in the report, came to similar conclusions. SONY VAIO PCG-6L2L CPU Fan After this, a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives. The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals. Also quantitative targets have been made in order to critically assess whether targets are being met. Toshiba Satellite X205-S9349 CPU Fan Some examples of the water quality goals outlined by this plan are that by 2013, there will be a 50% reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loads at the end of catchments and that by 2020, there will be a reduction in sediment load by 20%. The plan also outlines a number of steps that must be taken by landholders to help improve grazing,  DELL yy529 CPU Fan soil, nutrient, and chemical management practices. There are also a number of supporting initiatives to take place outlined in the plan to help create a framework to improve land use practices which will in turn improve water quality. Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013. HP Pavilion dv7-3020es CPU Fan The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there.^[87] In July 2004, a new zoning plan took effect for the entire Marine Park, and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for marine ecosystemconservation.^[88] HP G62-369TX CPU Fan The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques, using MARXAN software.^[89] While protection across the Marine Park was improved, the highly protected zones increased from 4.5% to over 33.3%.^[90] At the time, it was the largest marine protected area in the world, HP 13.V1.BJ195.F.GN CPU Fan although in 2006, the new Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument became the largest.In 2006, a review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975 recommended are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013, and that every five years, a peer-reviewed outlook report should be published, Toshiba Satellite L675D-S7016 CPU Fan examining the reef's health, management, and environmental pressures.^[5][92] In each outlook report, several assessments are required. Each assessment has a set of assessment criteria that allows for better presentation of available evidence. Each assessment is judged by these criteria and given a grade. HP Pavilion dv7-1451nr CPU Fan Every outlook report follows the same judging and grading process so that information can be tracked over time. No new research is done to produce the report. Only readily available information goes into the report so little of what is known about the Reef is actually featured in each outlook report. HP G62-a57SG CPU Fan Due to its vast biodiversity, warm clear waters and accessibility from the tourist boats called "live aboards", the reef is a very popular destination, especially for scuba divers. Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in the Whitsundays and Cairns due to their accessibility. These areas make up 7% of the Park's area.^[50] SONY Vaio VGN-NR31S/S CPU Fan The Whitsundays and Cairns have their own Plans of Management.^[94] Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips. Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts, including the pristine Lady Elliot Island. As of 1996, 27 islands on the Great Barrier Reef supported resorts. IBM 91P9252 CPU Fan Domestic tourism made up most of the tourism in the region as of 1996, and the most popular visiting times were in the Australian winter. It was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A$776 million per annum at this time.^[95] As the largest commercial activity in the region, it was estimated in 2003 that tourism in the Great Barrier Reef generates over A$4 billion annually.^[96] Toshiba Satellite M70-122 CPU Fan (A 2005 estimate puts the figure at A$5.1 billion.^[94]) Approximately two million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year.^[97] Although most of these visits are managed in partnership with the marine tourism industry, there is a concern amongst the general public that tourism is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef.^[50] SONY UDQFWPH22FQU CPU Fan A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered, from single day trips, to longer voyages. Boat sizes range from dinghies tosuperyachts.^[98] Glass-bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular, as are helicopter flights.^[99][100] By far, the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving, for which pontoons are often used, HP Pavilion dv6-2150ei CPU Fan and the area is often enclosed by nets. The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities, due to water quality. Management of tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is geared towards making tourism ecologically sustainable. A daily fee is levied that goes towards research of the Great Barrier Reef.^[94] HP G42-367TU CPU Fan This fee ends up being 20% of the GBRMPA's income.^[101]Policies on cruise ships, bareboat charters, and anchorages limit the traffic on the Great Barrier Reef.^[94] The problems that surround ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef revolve around permanent tourism platforms. Toshiba Satellite P100-238 CPU Fan Platforms are large, ship-like vessels that act as a base for tourists while scuba diving and snorkeling in the Great Barrier Reef. Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea. The feces carry nitrogen, phosphorus and often DDT and mercury, which cause aspergillosis, yellow-band disease, and black band disease.ACER Aspire 5739 CPU Fan Areas without tourism platforms have 14 out of 9,468 (1.1%) diseased corals versus areas with tourism platforms that have 172 out of 7,043 (12%) diseased corals.^[102] Tourism is a major economic activity for the region. Thus, while non-permanent platforms could be possible in some areas, overall, permanent platforms are likely a necessity. IBM ThinkPad T40 2678 CPU Fan Solutions have been suggested to siphon bird waste into gutters connecting to tanks helping lower runoff that causes coral disease.^[103] The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also placed many permanent anchorage points around the general use areas. IBM Thinkpad T43 CPU Fan These act to reduce damage to the reef due to anchoring destroying soft coral, chipping hard coral, and disturbing sediment as it is dragged across the bottom. Tourism operators also must comply with speed limits when traveling to or from tourist destinations, in order to prevent excessive wake from the boats disturbing the reef ecosystem. IBM ThinkPad T43 2668 CPU Fan The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef, controlled by the Queensland Government, is worth A$1 billion annually.^[11] It employs approximately 2000 people, and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially, for recreation, and as a traditional means for feeding one's family. IBM ThinkPad T43 1871 CPU Fan The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities that inhabit the reef have hunted dugongs well before European settlement. The dugong meat was often used in marriage and tombstone unveiling ceremonies, and the skull was used in the coming-of-age rites. ACER Travelmate 8104WLMI CPU Fan As part of the Indigenous Management practices, the Marine Park Authority has allowed the hunting to continue around several Pacific Islander communities. However, the rapid increase in dugong deaths has led to a controversy regarding the practices, as outboard motors are being used to kill up to a thousand dugongs a year, over ten times the sustainable level. DELL Latitude E4300 CPU Fan Refrigeration of the meat now allows multiple carcasses to be kept ready for extended periods. This has led to debate between the Marine Park Authority and the scientific community regarding the merits of indigenous practices in the reef.