Raytheon Company is a major American defense contractor and industrial corporation with core manufacturingconcentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics. It was previously involved in corporate and special-mission aircraft until early 2007. Raytheon is the world's largest producer of guided missiles.Sony VAIO PCG-3B1M Battery
Established in 1922, the company reincorporated in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. The company has around 72,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues of approximately US$25 billion. More than 90% of Raytheon's revenues were obtained from military contracts and, as of 2007, it was the fifth-largest military contractor in the world,[3] Sony VAIO PCG-3C1T Battery
and is the fourth largest defense contractor in the United States by revenue.
Raytheon Headquarters was moved from Lexington, Massachusetts to Waltham, Massachusetts on October 27, 2003.[4] The company was previously headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts from 1922–1928, Sony VAIO PCG-3D1M Battery
Newton, Massachusetts from 1928–1941, Waltham from 1941–1961, Lexington from 1961–2003, and back to Waltham from 2003 onwards.
Early years
In 1922, two former Tufts engineering college roommates Laurence K. Marshall and Vannevar Bush, along with scientist Charles G. Smith, Sony VAIO PCG-3G2M Battery
founded the American Appliance Company in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[5] Its focus, which was originally on newrefrigeration technology, soon shifted to electronics. The company's first product was a gaseous (helium) rectifier that was based on Charles Smith's earlier astronomical research of the star Zeta Puppis.[6] Sony VAIO PCG-5R1M Battery
The electron tube was christened with the name Raytheon ("light of/from the gods"[7]) and was used in a battery eliminator, a type of radio-receiver power supply that plugged into the power grid in place of large batteries. This made it possible to convert household alternating current todirect current for radios and thus eliminate the need for expensive, short-lived batteries. Sony VAIO PCG-7141M Battery
In 1925, the company changed its name to Raytheon Manufacturing Company and began marketing its rectifier, under the Raytheonbrand name, with great commercial success. In 1928 Raytheon merged with Q.R.S. Company, an American manufacturer of electron tubes and switches, to form the successor of the same name, Raytheon Manufacturing Company. Sony VAIO PCG-7143M Battery
In 1933 it diversified by acquiring Acme-Delta Company, a producer of transformers, power equipment, and electronic auto parts. By the 1930s, it had already grown to become one of the world's largest vacuum tube manufacturing companies.
During World War II
Early in World War II, physicists in the United Kingdom invented the magnetron, Sony VAIO PCG-7151M Battery
a specialized microwave-generating electron tube that markedly improved the capability of radar to detect enemy aircraft. American companies were then sought by the US government to perfect and mass-produce the magnetron for ground-based, airborne, and shipborne radar systems, and, with support from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory (recently formed to investigate microwave radar), Sony VAIO PCG-7154M Battery
Raytheon received a contract to build the devices. Within a few months of being awarded the contract, Raytheon had already begun to mass manufacture magnetron tubes for use in radar sets and then complete radar systems. At war's end in 1945 the company was responsible for about 80 percent of all magnetrons manufactured. Sony VAIO PCG-7162M Battery
During the war Raytheon also pioneered the production of shipboard radar systems, particularly for submarine detection.
Raytheon's research on the magnetron tube revealed the potential of microwaves to cook food. In 1945, Sony VAIO PCG-7181M Battery
Raytheon's Percy Spencerinvented the microwave oven by discovering that the magnetron could rapidly heat food. In 1947, the company demonstrated the Radarange microwave oven for commercial use.
After World War II
In 1945, the company expanded its electronics capability through acquisitions that included the Submarine Signal Company (founded in 1901), Sony VAIO PCG-41112M Battery
a leading manufacturer of maritime safety equipment. With its broadened capabilities, Raytheon developed the first guidance system for a missile that could intercept a flying target. In 1948, Raytheon began to manufacture guided missiles. In 1950, its Lark missile became the first such weapon to destroy a target aircraft in flight. Sony VAIO PCG-7153M Battery
Raytheon then received military contracts to develop the air-to-air Sparrow and ground-to-air Hawk missiles—projects that received impetus from the Korean War. In later decades, it remained a major producer of missiles, among them the Patriot antimissile missileand the air-to-air Phoenix missile. Sony VAIO PCG-71312M Battery
In 1959, Raytheon acquired the marine electronics company Apelco Applied Electronics, which significantly increased its strength in commercial marine navigation and radio gear, as well as less-expensive Japanese suppliers of products such as marine/weather band radios and direction-finding gear. Sony VAIO PCG-7144M Battery
In the same year, it changed its name toRaytheon Company.
During the post-war years, Raytheon also made radio and television transmitters and related equipment for the commercial market in the US and got into the educational publishing business with the acquisition of D.C. Heath. Sony VAIO PCG-7191L Battery
In the 1950s, Raytheon began manufacturing transistors, including the CK722, priced and marketed to hobbyists.
In 1961, the British electronics company A.C. Cossor merged with Raytheon, following its sale by Philips. The new Company's name was Raytheon Cossor. Sony VAIO PCG-3C1M Battery
The Cossor side of the organisation is still current in the Raytheon group as of 2010.
In 1965, it acquired Amana Refrigeration, Inc., a manufacturer of refrigerators and air conditioners. Using the Amana brand name and its distribution channels, Raytheon began selling the first countertop household microwave oven in 1967 and became a dominant manufacturer in the microwave oven business. Sony VAIO PCG-3F1M Battery
1980s
In 1980, Raytheon acquired Beech Aircraft Corporation, a leading manufacturer of general aviation aircraft founded in 1932 by Walter H. Beech. In 1993 the company expanded its aircraft activities by adding the Hawker line of business jets by acquiring Corporate Jets Inc., Sony VAIO PCG-3H1M Battery
the business jet product line of British Aerospace (now BAE Systems). These two entities were merged in 1994 to become the Raytheon Aircraft Company. In the first quarter of 2007 Raytheon sold its aircraft operations, which is now operating as Hawker Beechcraft. The product line of Raytheon's aircraft subsidiary included business jets such as the Hawker 800XP and Hawker 4000,Sony VAIO PCG-3J1M Battery
the Beechjet 400A, and the Premier I; the popular King Air series of twin turboprops; and piston-engine aircraft such as the Bonanza. Its special-mission aircraft included the single-turboprop T-6A Texan II, which had been chosen to be the primary training aircraft for the United States Air Forceand United States Navy. Sony VAIO PCG-8141M Battery
1990s
In 1991, during the Persian Gulf War, Raytheon's Patriot missile received great international exposure, resulting in a substantial increase in sales for the company outside the United States. In an effort to establish leadership in the defense electronics business,Sony VAIO PCG-8161M Battery
Raytheon purchased in quick succession Dallas-basedE-Systems (1995), Chrysler Corporation's defense electronics and aircraft-modification businesses (1996) (portions of these businesses were later sold to L-3 Communications), and the defense unit of Texas Instruments – Defense Systems & Electronics Group (1997). Sony VAIO PCG-3C2M Battery
Also in 1997, Raytheon acquired the aerospace and defense business of Hughes Aircraft Company from Hughes Electronics Corporation—a subsidiary of General Motors, which included a number of product lines previously purchased by Hughes Electronics including the former General Dynamics missile business, Sony VAIO PCG-5N2M Battery
the defense portion of Delco Electronics (Delco Systems Operations), and Magnavox Electronic Systems.
Raytheon also divested itself of several nondefense businesses in the 1990s, including Amana Refrigeration. On October 12, 1999 Raytheon exited the personal rapid transit (PRT) Sony VAIO PCG-5P1M Battery
business as it terminated its PRT 2000[8] system due to high-cost of development and lack of interest.[9] The PRT 2000 prototype now sits idle at their Marlboro, Massachusetts facility.[10]
2000s
In September 2009, Raytheon entered into an agreement to acquire BBN Technologies.[11] The acquisition was completed on October 29, 2009. Sony VAIO PCG-5S1M Battery
Businesses
Raytheon is composed of six major business divisions:
Integrated Defense Systems—based in Tewksbury, Massachusetts; Thomas A Kennedy, President
Intelligence and Information Systems—based in Garland, Texas; Lynn Dugle, President
Missile Systems—based in Tucson, Arizona; Sony VAIO PCG-9Z1M Battery
Taylor W. Lawrence, President
Network Centric Systems—based in McKinney, Texas; Dan Crowley, President
Raytheon Technical Services Company LLC—based in Dulles, Virginia; John Harris, President.[13]
Space and Airborne Systems—based in El Segundo, California; Rick Yuse, President.[13]
Raytheon Business Exports Federation based in San Antonio, Sony VAIO PCG-7171M Battery
Texas
Raytheon’s businesses are supported by several dedicated international operations including: Raytheon Australia (Managing Director, Michael Ward); Sony VAIO PCG-81112M Battery
Raytheon Canada Limited; operations in Japan; Raytheon Microelectronics in Spain; Raytheon UK (formerly Raytheon Systems Limited); and ThalesRaytheonSystems, France.
Strategic Business Areas
In recent years, Raytheon has expanded into other fields while redefining some of its core business activitiesSony VAIO PCG-31311M Battery
Raytheon has identified four key 'Strategic Business Areas' where it is focusing its expertise and resources, including:
Homeland Security
Missile Defense
Precision Engagement
Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) Sony VAIO PCG-8152M Battery
Process Improvement (Raytheon Lean6)
Leadership
William H. Swanson is the Chairman and CEO. Other members of the board of directors of Raytheon are: Barbara Barrett, Vernon Clark, Ferdinand Colloredo-Mansfeld, John Deutch, Thomas Everhart, Frederic Poses, Warren Rudman, Michael Ruettgers, Ronald Skates, William Spivey, and Linda Stuntz. Sony VAIO VPCS11X9E/B Battery
International
In addition to its US domestic facilities, Raytheon has offices in countries worldwide, including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Sony VAIO VPCS123FGB Battery
New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.
Overview
Satellite sensors
Raytheon, often in conjunction with Boeing, Lockheed Martin or Northrop Grumman, is also heavily involved in the satellite sensor business. Sony VAIO VPCS125EC Battery
Much of its Space and Airborne Systems division in El Segundo, CA is devoted to this, a business it inherited from Hughes. Examples of programs include:
Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS), being developed for the Ballistic Missile Defense. Raytheon is building the sensor payload. Sony VAIO VPCS128EC Battery
Additionally, the El Segundo site is the company center of excellence for the development and production of laser products.
Raytheon company's Navy Multiband Terminal (NMT) is the first advanced, next-generation satellite communications (SATCOM)Sony VAIO VPCS129GC Battery
system to successfully log on to and communicate with the U.S. government's Milstar SATCOM system using low and medium data rate waveforms. The system provides naval commanders and sailors with greater data capacity, as well as improved protection against enemy intercept and jamming. Sony VAIO VPCS12C7E/B Battery
Communications
Raytheon's Universal Control System (UCS) is an unmanned aerial system (UAS) "cockpit" that improves operator awareness and efficiency, while providing the ability to control multiple unmanned aircraft, and reduce potential accidents.[14] Sony VAIO VPCS12L9E/B Battery
The company also makes several software radio and digital communication systems for military applications such as Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC), is participating in Navy-Marine Corps Intranet (NMCI), ECHELON and the Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) programs. Sony VAIO VPCS12V9E/B Battery
Radioactive materials detection system
As part of the company's growing homeland security business and strategic focus, Raytheon has teamed with other contractors to develop an Advance Spectroscopic Portal (ASP) to allow border officials to view and identify radioactive materials in vehicles and shipping containers more effectively.[15] Sony VAIO VPCY115FGS Battery
Semiconductors
Raytheon also manufactures semiconductors for the electronics industry. In the late 20th century it produced a wide range of integrated circuits and other components, but as of 2003 its semiconductor business specializes in gallium arsenide (GaAs) components for radio communications. Sony VAIO VPCY115FX/BI Battery
It is also making efforts to develop gallium nitride (GaN) components for next-generation radars and radios.
Missile defense systems
In the framework of Ground-Based Midcourse Defense, Raytheon is developing a Ground Based Interceptor (GBI) which includes a booster missile and a kineticExoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), Sony VAIO VPCY115FXBI Battery
along with several key radar components, such as the Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) and the Upgraded Early Warning Radars(UEWR).
Hi-tech simulators
In a jointly managed project with Hughes Aircraft Co., Raytheon developed the Air Warfare Simulation (AWSIM2), Sony VAIO VPCY118EC Battery
currently used by the USAF for battle staff training at simulation centers worldwide.
Raytheon also produces and runs the ABACUS (Advanced BAttlespace CompUter Simulation) or Higher Formation Trainer (HFT) for training HQs from small specialist units up to corps level. Sony VAIO VPCY118GX/BI Battery
Training Services and Learning Outsourcing
Raytheon Professional Services (RPS) is a global leaderin training services and learning outsourcing for over 75 years.Clients are offered training tailored to their needs. The scope of each contract can vary from short-term training initiatives and projects to multi-year outsourcing engagements for some or all of a client’s training function. Services include: Sony VAIO VPCY119FJ/S Battery
(1) Performance Consulting & Learning Strategy Development, (2) Training Design, Development & Delivery, (3) Learning Technologies and (4)Training Administration
Controversies
As the vast majority of Raytheon's revenues have been obtained from defense contracts, Sony VAIO VPCY11AFJ Battery
there has been a tight relationship of cooperation between itself and theU.S. Department of Defense and other U.S. government departments and agencies (e.g. in the Fiscal Year 2007 the National Science Foundation awarded Raytheon $152 million dollars in grants, more than to any other institution and organization in the country,[16] for managing NSF South Pole Station). Sony VAIO VPCY11AGJ Battery
This, along with heavy lobbying, has led to perennial charges of influence peddling. Raytheon, for instance, contributed nearly a million dollars to various defense-related political campaigns in the presidential election year of 2004, spending much more than that on lobbying expenses.[17] And there are many tight ties between the company and all levels of government. Sony VAIO VPCY11AHJ Battery
For example, Richard Armitage, a former United States Deputy Secretary of State, is linked to the company through consultancy work. John M. Deutch, a former U.S. Director of Central Intelligence, sits on the board of directors, along with Warren Rudman, a former Senator. On the other hand, Sony VAIO VPCY11AVJ Battery
Raytheon has also been involved in several contract disputes with the U.S. Government.[17]
Case of Illegally obtaining classified information in a bidding process
In March 1990, Raytheon pleaded guilty to one felony count of illegally obtaining classified Air Force budget and planning documents.[18] U.S. Sony VAIO VPCY11M1E/S Battery
District JudgeAlbert V. Bryan, Jr. imposed a $10,000 criminal fine for one felony count of "conveyance without authority" and $900,000 in civil penalties and damages. The documents allegedly gave Raytheon an unfair advantage against its competitors in bidding for weapons contracts. Sony VAIO VPCY11S1E Battery
Although the plea only involved 1983 Air Force documents, United States Attorney Henry Hudson said Raytheon also illegally obtained a wide range of secret Pentagon documents.
Disputed claims of the Patriot missile
During the 1991 Gulf War, Raytheon received widespread publicity in the United States in connection with its manufacture of the Patriot missile (MIM-104 Patriot). Sony VAIO VPCY11V9E/S Battery
The Patriot missile is an anti-aircraft missile that was upgraded to have some capability against ballistic missiles. The Patriot had allegedly intercepted Scud missiles launched by Iraq in its defense against the U.S.-led invasion. When President George H. W. Bush traveled to Raytheon's Patriot manufacturing plant in Andover, Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/BI Battery
Massachusetts during the Gulf War, he declared, the ""Patriot is 41 for 42: 42 Scuds engaged, 41 intercepted!"[19] After the Gulf War had concluded, the staff of the House Government Operations Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security reported,
"The Patriot missile system was not the spectacular success in the Persian Gulf War that the American public was led to believe.Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/G Battery
There is little evidence to prove that the Patriot hit more than a few Scud missiles launched by Iraq during the Gulf War, and there are some doubts about even these engagements. The public and the United States Congress were misled by definitive statements of success issued by administration and Raytheon representatives during and after the war." Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/L Battery
Contract disputes
In October 1994, Raytheon paid $4 million to settle a U.S. government claim that it inflated a defense contract for antimissile radar.[21] The PAVE PAWS(Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased Array Warning System) Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/P Battery
system was designed to detect incoming submarine-launched ballistic missiles. The government claimed in a federal lawsuit that Raytheon inflated a contract to upgrade two of four PAVE PAWS sites by proposing to hire higher-skilled employees than were necessary for the job.[21] Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/L Battery
Just one year earlier, on October 14, 1993, Raytheon paid $3.7 million to settle allegations that it misled the U.S. Defense Department by overstating the labor costs involved in manufacturing Patriot missiles.[21] "The recovery of this money is yet another warning to contractors that the Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/P Battery
Truth in Negotiations Act's information disclosure requirements will be strictly and sternly enforced," Frank Hunger, assistant attorney general, said in a statement.[21]
Brazilian SIVAM project
Allegations of bribery were made against Raytheon in 1995 in connection with its efforts to win a 1.4 billion dollar radar contract from Brazil for the SIVAMproject. Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/SI Battery
SIVAM, the acronym for "System for Vigilance over the Amazon," was a complex radar surveillance system for use in monitoring the Amazon rainforest, allegedly to curb the trafficking of narcotics and to curb illegal logging or burning of the forest. Brazilian police wiretapped a telephone conversation between a special advisor to the Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso,Sony VAIO VPCF112FX/B Battery
and Raytheon's operative in Brazil, Jose Afonso Assumpcão. According to transcripts published in the Brazilian national weekly Isto É, when Assumpcão told Gomes dos Santos that Brazilian Senator Gilberto Miranda might block the Raytheon contract, Gomes dos Santos responded, Sony VAIO VPCF115FG/B Battery
"Damn, did you already pay this guy?". Gomes dos Santos and Brazil's aviation minister resigned because of allegations that this conversation suggested that bribes were paid. Nonetheless, Raytheon ultimately was awarded the contract after lobbying by the administration of U.S. President Bill Clinton. Sony VAIO VPCF116FGBI Battery
AGES lawsuit
In 1996, a corporation called AGES Group filed a lawsuit against Raytheon in a federal court in Alabama over a $450 million contract to service C-12 Huron andU-21 military aircraft.[22] Sony VAIO VPCF117FJ/W Battery
The Boston Herald reported that AGES alleged that the security firm Wackenhut Corporation, hired by Raytheon, used video and audiosurveillance to spy on a consulting firm hired by AGES to help it prepare its bid. AGES also alleged that stolen confidential pricing documents were turned over to Raytheon. Sony VAIO VPCF117HG/BI Battery
Both Raytheon and AGES had been vying for the contract, which Raytheon had held for decades but which AGES won in 1996. On May 12, 1999, Reutersreported that Raytheon would pay $3 million to AGES Group and purchase $13 million worth of AGES aircraft parts to settle the AGES lawsuit. Sony VAIO VPCF118FJ/W Battery
The settlement was exceptional in that the parties agreed that judgment would be entered against Raytheon, legally establishing the validity of AGES' allegations.
Securities litigation
In October 1999, Raytheon was the subject of a number of securities class action lawsuits alleging it had issued a series of materially false and misleading Sony VAIO VPCF119FC Battery
statements including overstating the company's 1997 and 1998 revenues, concealing cost overruns and inflating its financial results. The suits were brought in response to a massive drop in value of Raytheon's common stock as traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Sony VAIO VPCF119FJ/BI Battery
On Tuesday, October 12, 1999, Raytheon shares were trading at about 45% below the level at which they had been traded on October 11, 1999. The plunge in stock prices was triggered by a Wall Street Journal report that Raytheon was over cost or behind schedule on more than a dozen fixed-price defense contracts. Sony VAIO VPCF11AFJ Battery
This crash represented a loss of about $8 billion in market value in a single day. On May 13, 2004 Raytheon reported that it had reached a preliminary agreement to pay $410 million in cash and securities to settle a class-action lawsuit alleging it misled investors by not disclosing difficulties on various Pentagon and construction projects five years before. Sony VAIO VPCF11AGJ Battery
Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management
On April 24, 2006 in a statement released by Raytheon, CEO Swanson admitted to plagiarism in claiming authorship for his booklet, "Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management," after a report by The New York Times.[23] Sony VAIO VPCF11AHJ Battery
On May 2, 2006, Raytheon withdrew distribution of the book.[24] The following day, the company's board of directors announced that "In response to this matter, the Board has decided not to raise Mr. Swanson's salary above its 2005 level, and will reduce the amount of restricted stock for which he is eligible in the coming year by 20 percent."[25] Sony VAIO VPCF11JFX/B Battery
Ray gun testing on prisoners
In August 2010, Raytheon announced that it had partnered with a jail in Castaic, California in order to use prisoners as test subjects for a new non-lethal weapon system that "[...] penetrates about a 64th of an inch under your skin. That's about where your pain receptacles are. So it's what it would feel like if you just opened up the doors of a blast furnace."[26] Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E Battery
Environmental Record
Two lawsuits were filed against a Raytheon Company plant in St. Petersburg, Florida due to concern with health risks, property values, and contamination in April 2008.[27] Raytheon was given until the end of the month to independently test whether or not the groundwater that originated from its area was contaminated. Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H Battery
According to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection(DEP), the groundwater contained carcinogenic contaminants, includingtrichloroethylene, 1,4-dioxane, and vinyl chloride.[28] The DEP also reported that the clouds contained other toxins, such as lead and toluene.[27] Sony VAIO VPCF11MFX/B Battery
In 1995, Raytheon acquired Dallas-based E-Systems, including a site in St. Petersburg, Florida. In November 1991, prior to Raytheon's acquisition, contamination had been discovered at the E-Systems site. Soil and groundwater had been contaminated with the volatile organic compounds trichloroethylene and 1,4-Dioxane. Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E Battery
In 2005, groundwater monitoring indicated polluted groundwater was moving into areas outside the site.[29] According to DEP documentation, Raytheon has tested wells on its site since 1996 but had not delivered a final report; therefore, it was given a deadline on May 31, 2008 to investigate its groundwater.[27] Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B Battery
Contamination in the area has not affected anyone's drinking water supply or health, yet due to negative local media coverage lawsuits are being filed with claims against Raytheon citing decreases in property values.[30] Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E Battery
In another case, Raytheon was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) to treat groundwater at the Tucson Plant (acquired during the merger with Hughes) in Arizona since Raytheon used and disposed metals, chlorinated solvents, and other substances at the plant since 1951.[31] Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI Battery
The EPA further required the installation and operation of an oxidation process system to treat the solvents and make the water safe to drink.[31]
On 9 August 2006, The Stream Contact Centre in Derry, Northern Ireland, which had a contract with Raytheon at the time, was attacked by protesters. Sony VAIO VPCF11ZHJ Battery
They destroyed the computers, documents, and mainframe of the office, and proceeded to occupy it for eight hours prior to their arrest.
The activists were charged with criminal damage and affray. The trial of six of the accused began May 19, 2008, in the Laganside Courts in Belfast. Sony VAIO VPCF127HGBI Battery
Colm Bryce, Gary Donnelly, Kieran Gallagher, Michael Gallagher, Sean Heaton, Jimmy Kelly, Paddy McDaid and Eamonn O'Donnell were acquitted of all charges on 11 June, with Eamonn McCann found guilty of the theft of two computer discs. Sony VAIO VPCF137HG/BI Battery
PAVE PAWS is a United States Air Force Space Command radar system operated by three 21st Space Wing squadrons for missile warning and space surveillance. Operational PAVE PAWS radars are located at:[1]
Cape Cod Air Force Station, Massachusetts. Operated by 6th Space Warning Squadron, ( 41°45′08″N 70°32′17″W) Sony VAIO VPCS111FM/S Battery
Beale AFB, California. Operated by 7th Space Warning Squadron, ( 39°08′10″N 121°21′03″W)
Clear Air Force Station, Alaska. Operated by 13th Space Warning Squadron, ( 64°18′01″N 149°11′23″W). Sony VAIO VPCS115EC Battery
Scheduled to become a PAVE PAWS site from being a BMEWS site in 2001.[2]
In addition, two other facilities were shuttered by the Air Force in 1995: Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, Georgia (32°34′52″N 83°34′09″W), and Eldorado AFS, Texas (30.979°N 100.554°W). Sony VAIO VPCS115FG Battery
PAVE is an Air Force program name relating to electronic systems, while PAWS stands for Phased Array WarningSystem.[1] PAVE has also been defined as an acronym for Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry, but that is likely abackronym created to explain the program name. Sony VAIO VPCS117GG Battery
The radar, developed by Raytheon, is used primarily to detect and track sea-launched (SLBM) and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
The system also has a secondary mission of detecting and tracking Earth-orbiting satellites. Sony VAIO VPCS117GGB Battery
Information received from the PAVE PAWS radar systems pertaining to SLBM/ICBM and satellite detection is forwarded to the U.S. Strategic Command’s Missile Correlation (formerly Missile Warning) and Space Control Centers at Cheyenne Mountain Air Station,Colorado. Sony VAIO VPCS118EC Battery
Data is also sent to the National Military Command Center and to U.S. Strategic Command's Command Center at Offutt AFB, Nebraska.
An aspect of this radar is phased array antenna technology which is now common in defence applications. Sony VAIO VPCS119FJ/B Battery
This system differs from a mechanical radar, which must be physically aimed at an object in space to detect and/or track it. The phased array antenna is in a fixed position and can be part of the building wall. Phased array antenna aiming, or beam steering, is done rapidly by electronically controlling the timing (the phase) of the incoming and outgoing signalsSony VAIO VPCS119GC Battery
. Controlling the phase through the many segments of the antenna system allows the beam to be quickly projected in different directions. This greatly reduces the time necessary to change the beam direction from one point to another, allowing almost simultaneous tracking of multiple targets while maintaining the surveillance responsibility. Sony VAIO VPCS11AFJ Battery
This ability is known as "track while scan". The large fixed antenna array through its better beam focusing, improves system sensitivity and tracking accuracy.
Phased array radars are also commonly found on U.S. Navy ships (the Aegis system), and in the U.S. Army's Patriot air defense missile system. Sony VAIO VPCS11AGJ Battery
Background
A phased array antenna, as with any other directional antenna, will receive signals from space only in the direction in which the beam is aimed. The maximum practical deflection on either side of antenna center of the phased array beam is 60 degrees. Sony VAIO VPCS11AHJ Battery
This limits the coverage from a single antenna face to 120 degrees. To provide surveillance across the horizon, the building housing the entire system and supporting the antenna arrays is constructed in the shape of a triangle. Sony VAIO VPCS11AVJ Battery
The two building faces supporting the arrays, each covering 120 degrees, will monitor 240 degrees ofazimuth. The array faces are also tilted back 20 degrees to allow for an elevations deflection from three to 85 degrees above horizontal. The radar system is capable of detecting and monitoring a great number of targets that would be consistent with a massive SLBM attack. Sony VAIO VPCS11J7E/B Battery
The system must rapidly discriminate between vehicle types, calculating their launch and impact points in addition to the scheduling, data processing and communications requirements. The operation is entirely automatic, requiring people only for monitoring, maintenance and as a final check of the validity of warnings. Sony VAIO VPCS11M1E/W Battery
Three different computers communicate with each other from the heart of the system, which relays the information to Cheyenne Mountain AS.
Environmental and health concerns
The PAVE PAWS radar station in Massachusetts has been investigated as a possible source for health concerns on Cape Cod. Sony VAIO VPCS11V9E Battery
The Air Force was sued in the United States District Court prior to the operation of PAVE PAWS on Cape Cod regarding the alleged insufficiency of the government's environmental studies. Plaintiffs were represented by Anne M. Vohl, Esq. The suit was dismissed by Judge Tauro on national security secrecy grounds. Sony VAIO VPCS11V9E/B Battery
General studies have found that there is no elevated cancer risk from the station.[3] However, it was recently cited as a possible cause of elevated Ewing's Sarcoma rates on the Cape.[4] According to the National Academies' National Research Council, in 2005 available data did not support those concerns.[5] Sony VAIO VPCCW1AFJ Battery
According to a local news broadcast, "Two years ago, [the academy study] concluded that PAVE PAWS was probably not to blame for elevated cancer rates in the general population. But that study did not address Ewing’s sarcoma." The Massachusetts state Department of Public Health conducted an investigation into specific incidences of the cancer on Cape Cod and their possibleSony VAIO VPCCW1AHJ Battery
relationship to the PAVE PAWS radar station. The state hired a company to test the levels of radiation received on certain Cape Cod streets in order to look for correlations in peak power levels in local communities with incidence of the cancer. According to the father of one of patient, Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E Battery
"All of [the affected children mentioned in the broadcast] occupied places for a significant amount of time that received a high level of radiation from PAVE PAWS,"[6] though there is currently no published research verifying the claim and the final report indicated that levels were not high. Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/B Battery
In December 2007, the Massachusetts Department of Health released their report which concluded that it "appears unlikely that PAVE PAWS played a primary role in the incidence of Ewing family of tumors on Cape Cod."[7]
An Air Force Medical Study conducted in 2005 included radiation density measurements at the Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/L Battery
facility and concluded power densities outside the 15 metres (49.2 ft) roped off area in front of the array were within the controlled permissible exposure limits in place. According to the report, no hazard exists to personnel outside of the roped off area per set standards. Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/P Battery
The AGM-65 Maverick is an air-to-ground tactical missile (AGM) designed for close air support. The most widely-produced precision-guided weapon in the Western world,[4] it is effective against a wide range of tacticaltargets, including armor, air defenses, ships, ground transportation and fuel storage facilities. Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/R Battery
Originally designed and built by Hughes Missile Systems, development of the AGM-65 spanned from 1966 to 1972, after which it entered service with the United States Air Force in August 1972. Since then, it has been exported to more than 30 countries and is certified on 25 aircraft.[5] Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/W Battery
The Maverick served during the Vietnam, Yom Kippur, Iran–Iraq andGulf Wars, along with other smaller conflicts, destroying enemy forces and installations with varying degrees of success.
Since its introduction into service, numerous Maverick versions had been designed and produced, utilising electro-optical, laser, charge-coupled device and infra-red guidance systems. Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/B Battery
The AGM-65 has two types of warheads: one has a contact fuze in the nose, the other has a heavyweight warhead fitted with a delayed-action fuze, which penetrates the target with its kinetic energy before detonating. Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/L Battery
The Maverick shares the same configuration as Hughes's AIM-4 Falcon and AIM-54 Phoenix, and measures more than 8 ft (2.4 m) in length and 12 in (30 cm) in diameter.
The Maverick's development history began in 1965, when the United States Air Force (USAF) began a program to develop a replacement to the AGM-12 Bullpup.[6] Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/R Battery
With a range of 8.8 nm (14.8 km), the radio-guided Bullpup was introduced in 1959 and was considered a "silver bullet" by operators. However, the launch aircraft was required to fly straight towards the target during the missile's flight instead of performing evasive manoeuvres, thus placing the crew in significant risks.[6] Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/W Battery
From 1966 to 1968, Hughes Missile Systems and Rockwell competed for the contract to build the new missile. Each were allocated $3 million for preliminary design and engineering of the Maverick in 1966.[7] In 1968, Hughes emerged with the $95 million contract for further development and testing of the missile; Sony VAIO VPCCW26EC Battery
at the same time, contract options called for 17,000 missiles to be procured.[7] Hughes conducted a smooth development of the AGM-65 Maverick, culminating in the first, and successful, firing of the AGM-65 on a tank at Air Force Missile Development Center at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, on 18 December 1969.[7] Sony VAIO VPCCW26FX/B Battery
In July 1971, the USAF and Hughes signed a $69.9 million contract for 2,000 missiles,[7] the first of which was delivered in 1972.[6]
Although early operational results were favorable, military planners predicted that the Maverick would fare less successfully in the hazy conditions in Central Europe, Sony VAIO VPCCW28EC Battery
where it planned to be used against Warsaw Pact forces.[8]As such, development of the AGM-65B began in 1975 before it was delivered during the late 1970s. When production of the AGM-65A/B was ended in 1978, more than 35,000 Mavericks had been built.
More versions of the Maverick appeared, among which was laser-guided AGM-65C/E. Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/P Battery
Development of the AGM-65C started in 1978 by Rockwell, who built a number of development missiles for the USAF.[2][8] Due to high cost, the version was not procured by the USAF, and instead entered service with the United States Marine Corps (USMC) as the AGM-65E.[2][8] Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/R Battery
Another major development was the AGM-65D, which employed an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker and thus is all-weather operable.[2] The five-year development period of the AGM-65D started in 1977 and ended with the first delivery to the USAF in October 1983.[2] The version received initial operating capability in February 1986.[1] Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/W Battery
The AGM-65F is a hybrid Maverick combining the AGM-65D's IIR seeker and warhead and propulsion components of the AGM-65E.[2] Deployed by the United States Navy (USN), the AGM-65F is optimised for maritime strike roles.[2] The first AGM-65F launch from the P-3C took place in 1989, and in 1994, Sony VAIO VPCCW29FJ/W Battery
the USN awarded Unisys a contract to integrate the version with the P-3C.[4][9] Meanwhile, Hughes produced the AGM-65G, which essentially has the same guidance system as the D, with some software modifications that track larger targets, coupled with a shaped-chargewarhead.[1] Sony VAIO VPCCW2AFJ Battery
In the mid-1990s to early 2000s, there were several ideas of enhancing the Maverick's potential. Among them was the stillborn plan to incorporate to Mavericks active millimeter wave radars, which can determine the exact shape of a target.[10] Another study called "Longhorn Project"[10] was conducted by Hughes, Sony VAIO VPCCW2AHJ Battery
and later Raytheon following the absorption of Hughes into Raytheon, looked a Maverick version equipped with turbojet engines instead of rocket motors. The "Maverick ER", as it was dubbed, would have a "significant increase in range" compared to the Maverick's current range of 16 miles (25 km).[11] Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E Battery
The proposal was abandoned, but if the Maverick ER had entered production, it would have replaced the AGM-119B Penguin carried on the MH-60R.[11]
The most modern versions of the Maverick are the AGM-65H/K, which were in production as of 2007.[1] Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/B Battery
The AGM-65H was developed by taking coupling the AGM-56B with a charge-coupled device (CCD) seeker optimised for desert operations and which has three times the range of the original TV-sensor;[2][11] a parallel USN program aimed at rebuilding AGM-65Fs with newer CCD seekers resulted in the AGM-65J.[2] Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/L Battery
The AGM-65K, meanwhile, was developed by replacing the AGM-65G's IR guidance system with an electro-optical television guidance system.[1]
Design
The Maverick has a modular design construction, allowing different combination of the guidance Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/P Battery
package and warhead to be attached to the rocket motor section to produce a different weapon.[1] It has long-chord delta wings and a cylindrical body, reminiscent of the AIM-4 Falcon and the AIM-54 Phoenix.[3]
Different models of the AGM-65 have used electro-optical, laser, and infra-red guidance systems. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/R Battery
The AGM-65 has two types ofwarheads: one has a contact fuze in the nose, the other has a heavyweight warhead fitted with a delayed-action fuze, which penetrates the target with its kinetic energy before detonating. The latter is most effective against large, hard targets. The propulsion system for both types is a solid-fuel rocket motor behind the warhead.[1] Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/W Battery
The Maverick missile is unable to lock onto targets on its own; it has to be given input by the pilot or Weapon Systems Officer(WSO) after which it follows the path to the target autonomously, allowing the WSO to fire and forget. In an A-10, for example, the video fed from the seeker head is relayed to a screen in the cockpit, where the pilot can check the locked target of the missile before launch. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S5C CN1 Battery
A crosshair on the head-up display is shifted by the pilot to set the approximate target while the missile will then automatically recognize and lock on to the target. Once the missile is launched, it requires no further assistance from the launch vehicle and tracks its target automatically. Sony VAIO VGN-SR51MR Battery
This fire-and-forget property is not shared by the E version that uses semi-active laser homing.
The Maverick was declared operational on 30 August 1972 with the F-4D/Es and A-7s initially cleared for the type;[7] the missile made its combat debut four months later with the USAF in the Vietnam War.[13] Sony VAIO VGN-SR59VG Battery
During the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, the Israelis used Mavericks to destroy and disable enemy vehicles.[8] Deployment of early versions of the Mavericks in these two wars were successful due to the favorable atmospheric conditions that suited the electro-optical TV seeker.[8] Sony VAIO VGN-SR59VG/H Battery
Ninety-nine missiles were fired during the two wars, eighty-four of which were successful.[14][N 1]
In June 1975, during a border confrontation, Iranian troops fired twelve Mavericks, all successful, at Iraqi tanks.[16] Five years later, during Operation Morvarid as part of the Iran–Iraq War, Iranian F-4s used Mavericks to sink three OSA IIs and four P-6s combat ships.[17] Sony VAIO VGN-SR70B/S Battery
In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait in what was a widely-condemned move by many countries, including the United States. As a result, in early 1991, the U.S.-ledCoalition executed Operation Desert Storm during which Mavericks played a crucial role in the ousting of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Sony VAIO VGN-SR72B/P Battery
Employed by F-15Es, F-18, AV-8Bs, F-16s and A-10s, but used mainly by the last two, more than 5,000 Mavericks were deployed to attack armored targets.[1][18] The mostly-used variant by the USAF was the IIR-guided AGM-65D.[18] The reported hit rate by USAF Mavericks was 80–90 percent, while for the USMC it was 60 percent.[2] Sony VAIO VGN-SR72B/S Battery
The Maverick was again used in Iraq during the 2003 Iraq War, during which 918 were fired.[9]
The first time the Maverick were fired from a Lockheed P-3 Orion at a hostile vessel was when the USN and coalition units came to aid of Libyan rebels to engage Libyan Coast Guard vessel Vittoria in the port of Misrata, Sony VAIO VGN-SR73JB/S Battery
Libya, during the late evening of 28 March 2011. Vittoria was engaged and fired upon by a USN P-3C Maritime Patrol aircraft with AGM-65 Maverick missiles.[19]
In iran AGM-65 Maverick missiles were used in some operations such as Fatholmobin that iranian AH-1Js fired 11 Mavericks.Sony VAIO VGN-SR74FB/S Battery
The AGM-88 High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) is a tactical, air-to-surface missile designed to home in on electronic transmissions coming from surface-to-air radar systems. It was originally developed by Texas Instruments as a replacement for the AGM-45 Shrike and AGM-78 Standard ARM system. Sony VAIO VGN-SR90FS Battery
Production was later taken over by Raytheon Corporation (RAYCO) when it purchased the defense production business of Texas Instruments.
Operation
The AGM-88 can detect, attack and destroy a radar antenna or transmitter with minimal aircrew input. Sony VAIO VGN-SR90NS Battery
The proportional guidance system that homes in on enemy radar emissions has a fixed antenna and seeker head in the missile's nose. A smokeless, solid-propellant, booster-sustainer rocket motor propels the missile at speeds overMach 2. HARM, a Navy-led program, was initially integrated onto the A-6E, A-7 and F/A-18 and later onto the EA-6B. Sony VAIO VGN-SR90S Battery
RDT&E for use on the F-14 was begun, but not completed. The Air Force introduced HARM on the F-4G Wild Weasel and later on specialized F-16s equipped with the HARM Targeting System (HTS).
Deployment
The HARM missile was approved for full production in March 1983, Sony VAIO VGN-SR90US Battery
and then deployed in late 1985 with VA-72 and VA-46 aboard the aircraft carrier USS America. It was soon used in combat—in March 1986 against a Libyan SA-5 site in the Gulf of Sidra, and then Operation Eldorado Canyon in April. HARM was used extensively by the United States Navy and the United States Air Force for Operation Desert Storm during the Gulf War of 1991.Sony VAIO VGN-SR91NS Battery
"Magnum" is spoken over the radio to announce the launch of an AGM-88.[4] During the Gulf War, if an aircraft was illuminated by enemy radar a bogus "Magnum" call on the radio was often enough to convince the operators to power down.[5] This technique would also be employed in Serbia during air operations in 1999. Sony VAIO VGN-SR91PS Battery
Versions of the HARM
The newest upgrade is a joint venture by the Italian Ministry of Defense and the US Department of Defense: the AGM-88E Advanced Anti Radiation Guided Missile (AARGM), produced by Alliant Techsystems. Sony VAIO VGN-SR91S Battery
The AARGM will feature the latest software, enhanced capabilities intended to counter radar shutdown, passive radar and active millimeter wave seekers. It will be released in November 2010.
It will be initially integrated onto the FA-18C/D, FA-18E/F, EA-18G and Tornado ECR aircraft and later on the F-35.[6] Sony VAIO VGN-SR91US Battery
Gulf War friendly-fire incident
During the Gulf War, the HARM was involved in a friendly fire incident when the pilot of an F-4G Wild Weasel escorting a B-52 mistook the latter's tail gun radar for an Iraqi AAA site. (This was after the tail gunner of the B-52 had targeted the F-4G, mistaking it for an Iraqi MiG). Sony VAIO VGN-SR92NS Battery
The pilot launched the missile and then saw that the target was the B-52, which was hit. It survived with shrapnel damage to the tail and no casualties. The B-52 was subsequently renamed In HARM's Way.
The AGM-129 ACM (Advanced Cruise Missile) is a low observable, Sony VAIO VGN-SR92PS Battery
subsonic, turbofan-powered, air-launched cruise missile originally designed and built by General Dynamics and eventually acquired by Raytheon Missile Systems. TheAGM-129A is carried exclusively by the US Air Force's B-52H Stratofortress bombers. Sony VAIO VGN-SR92S Battery
In 1982 the US Air Force began studies for a new cruise missile with low-observable characteristics after it became clear that the AGM-86B cruise missile would have difficulty penetrating future air defense systems. The AGM-86B relied on low-altitude flight to penetrate the Soviet air defense system centered on surface to air missiles. Sony VAIO VGN-SR92US Battery
The deployment of the airborne early warning systems with "look down" radars reduced the likelihood that the low-altitude AGM-86B would reach its target.
Design, test and initial production
In 1983 General Dynamics Convair Division (GD/C) was awarded a development contract for the AGM-129A. Sony VAIO VGN-SR93DS Battery
The AGM-129A incorporated body shaping and forward swept wings to reduce the missile's radar cross section. The engine air intake was flush mounted on the bottom of the missile to further improve radar cross section. The jet engine exhaust was shielded by the tail and cooled by a diffuser to reduce the infra-red signature of the missile. Sony VAIO VGN-SR93JS Battery
To reduce electronic emissions from the missile, the radar used in the AGM-86B was replaced with a combination of inertial navigation and terrain contour matching TERCOM enhanced with highly accurate speed updates provided by a laser Doppler velocimeter.
These changes made the AGM-129A more difficult to detect and allowed the missile to be flown at higher altitude. Sony VAIO VGN-SR93PS Battery
The newer Williams International F112-WR-100 turbofan engine increased range by about 50%. The newer guidance system, increased accuracy to a quoted figure of between 30 m (100 ft) and 90 m (300 ft).
The AGM-129A like the AGM-86B is armed with a W80-1 variable yield nuclear warhead. Sony VAIO VGN-SR93YS Battery
The first test missile flew in July 1985 and the first production missiles were delivered to the US Air Force in 1987. The development program experienced some hardware quality control problems and testing mishaps. The flight test program took place during a period of high tension between the machinist's union and GDC management, Sony VAIO VGN-SR94FS Battery
with a 3 1/2 week long strike occurring in 1987. US Congressman Les Aspin called the ACM a procurement disaster with the worst problems of any of the eight strategic weapons programs his committee had reviewed. The US Congress zeroed out funding for the ACM program in 1989. Sony VAIO VGN-SR94GS Battery
Manufacturing quality problems led the US Air Force to stop missile deliveries in 1989 and 1991. McDonnell Douglas was invited to qualify as a second source for missile production. In early 1989, the United States requested and received permission to test the AGM-129A in Canada. Sony VAIO VGN-SR94HS Battery
Plans called for producing enough missiles to replace the approximately 1,461 AGM-86B's at a rate of 200 missiles per year after full-rate production was achieved in 1993. In January 1992, the end of the Cold War led US President George H.W. Bush to announce a major cutback in total ACM procurement. Sony VAIO VGN-SR94VS Battery
The President determined that only 640 missiles were needed. The ACM program was later reduced still further to 460 missiles. In August 1992 General Dynamics sold its missile business to Hughes Aircraft Corporation. Five years later in 1997, Hughes Aircraft Corporation sold its aerospace and defense business to the final production contractor Raytheon. Sony VAIO VPC CW2MFX/PU Battery
The US Air Force pushed for production of a AGM-129B variant for targets for which the AGM-129A was considered ineffective. The US Air Force submitted this requirement in 1985 and proposed to modify 120 missiles into the AGM-129B variant. In 1991 the US Congress denied the request and the US Air Force was forced to terminate the program. Sony VAIO VPC S11V9E/B Battery
In 1992, the US Air Force was directed by the US Department of Defense to restart the program, an effort which was opposed by the General Accounting Office of the US Congress. Confusion exists as to precisely how this weapon is different from the original. The Department of Defense document DoD 4120.15-L Sony VAIO VPCB119GJ/B Battery
"Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles" states that the AGM-129B was a AGM-129A "modified with structural and software changes and an alternate nuclear warhead for accomplishing a classified cruise missile mission." However, Ozu states the AGM-129B was intended to be a non-nuclear version of the ACM, much as the nuclear AGM-86B led to the conventional AGM-86C.Sony VAIO VPCB11AGJ Battery
Operational history
The B-52H bomber can carry up to six AGM-129A missiles on each of two external pylons for a total of 12 per aircraft. Originally, an additional 8 ACMs could be carried internally in the B-52 on Common Strategic Rotary Launchers, for a total of 20 per aircraft.Sony VAIO VPCB11AVJ Battery
The B-1B bomber was also slated to carry the AGM-129A, but that plan was ended after the cessation of the Cold War. The AGM-129A provides the B-52H bomber the ability to attack multiple targets without penetrating an air defensesystem. Sony VAIO VPCB11V9E Battery
An AGM-129A impacted and damaged two unoccupied trailers, part of a cosmic ray observatory operated by the University of Utah and Tokyo University, located in the "hazardous operations" area of the United States Army Dugway Proving Ground on December 10, 1997. Sony VAIO VPCB11X9E Battery
The AGM-129A was released over the Utah Test and Training Range from a B-52H bomber assigned to Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota. The missile had flown for approximately 3.5 hours on its planned route and had fulfilled all test objectives prior to the mishap. The missile was carrying an inert test payload. Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/P Battery
Mission planners were unaware of the existence of the trailers.
In March 2007, despite a Service Life Extension program (SLEP) intended to extend its operational usefulness to 2030, the USAF announced that it will retire its entire inventory of AGM-129 missiles.[1] Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/R Battery
The Air Force in 2008 maintains an arsenal of 1,140 AGM-86 ALCMs and 460 AGM-129 ACMs. The B-52 is the only platform for these missiles. The reductions also include all but 528 nuclear-armed ALCMs and are in part a result of the SORT/Moscow Treaty (2002) requirement to get below 2,200 deployed nuclear weapons by 2012, Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/W Battery
with the ACM chosen because it has reliability issues and higher maintenance costs.[2]
On August 30, 2007 twelve ACMs loaded on a B-52 were flown across the US from Minot Air Force Base in North Dakota to Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana for decommissioning. Sony VAIO VPCCW19FJ/W Battery
The nuclear warheads which should have been removed before the flight were mistakenly left installed on six of the ACMs. For 36 hours the nuclear weapons were unaccounted for, which led to an official investigation of the incident.
The AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) is the product of a joint venture between the
Sony VAIO VGN-SR19VN Battery
Sony VAIO VGN-SR19VN Battery
United States Navyand Air Force to deploy a standardized medium range precision guided weapon, especially for engagement of defended targets from outside the range of standard anti-aircraft defenses, thereby increasing aircraft survivability and minimizing friendly losses. Sony VAIO VGN-SR19VN Battery
The AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon or JSOW is currently in the fleet and in use by the US Navy. Foreign Military Sales (FMS) cases have been signed with Poland and Turkey for use with their F-16 fighters. Finland, Greece and Singapore are pursuing FMS cases at this time.[1][2] The AGM-154 is intended to provide a low cost, Sony VAIO VGN-SR19VRN Battery
highly lethal glide weapon with a standoff capability. The JSOW family of air-to-surface glide weapons are 1,000 lb (450 kg) class weapons that provide standoff capabilities from 15 nmi (28 km) low altitude launch and up to 60 nmi (110 km)high altitude launch. The JSOW can be used against a variety of land targets and operates from ranges outside enemy point defenses. Sony VAIO VGN-SR19XN Battery
The JSOW is a launch and leave weapon that employs a tightly coupled Global Positioning System (GPS)/Inertial Navigation System (INS), and is capable of day/night and adverse weather operations. The AGM-154A (JSOW A) uses GPS/INS for terminal guidance, while the AGM-154C (JSOW C) uses an infra-red seeker for terminal guidance. Sony VAIO VGN-SR19XN Battery
The JSOW is just over 160 inches (4.1 m) in length and weighs about 1,000 pounds (483 kg). The JSOW was originally to be delivered in three variants, each of which uses a common air vehicle, or truck, while substituting various payloads. The AGM-154A (JSOW-A) entered service in 1999. Sony VAIO VGN-SR210J/S Battery
The US Navy and Air Force developed the AGM-154B (JSOW B) up until Multi-Service Operational Test & Evaluation (MOT&E) but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon when the Air Force left the program. The AGM-154C (JSOW BROACH) entered service in February 2005. Sony VAIO VGN-SR21M/S Battery
During the 1990s JSOW was considered to be one of the most successful development programs in DOD history. The system was introduced to operational use a year ahead of schedule. Unlike most guided weapons and aircraft, the system never had a weight management problem, and was deployed at its target weight. Sony VAIO VGN-SR21RM/H Battery
The system introduced a new type of fuse, but was able to obtain authority from an independent safety review in record time. Many observers credited these accomplishments to the management style chosen by the DOD and Texas Instruments. After a competitive selection, the program staff was organized into integrated product teams with members from the government, Sony VAIO VGN-SR21RM/S Battery
the prime Texas Instruments and subcontractors. In one case, the prime determined that the best-in-class supplier for a design service was the government, and gave part of its funding back. JSOW was recognized in 1996 with a Laurels Award from Aviation Week & Space Technology. It is notable for a guided weapon to receive this award, Sony VAIO VGN-SR220J/B Battery
which is normally reserved for much larger systems. Because of this history, JSOW has been used as a case study for development programs, and for Integrated Product Teams, and is sometimes cited in academic research on program management.
AGM-154A (baseline JSOW)
The warhead of the AGM-154A consists of 145 BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb (CEB) submunitions. Sony VAIO VGN-SR220J/H Battery
These bomblets have a shaped charge for armor defeating capability, a fragmenting case for materiel destruction, and a zirconium ring for incendiary effects.
AGM-154B (anti-armor)
The warhead for the AGM-154B is the BLU-108/B from the Air Force's Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) program. Sony VAIO VGN-SR240J/B Battery
The JSOW B was to carry six BLU-108/B submunitions. Each submunition releases four projectiles (total of 24 per weapon) that use infrared sensors to detect targets. Upon detection, the projectile detonates, creating an explosively formed shaped charge capable of penetrating reinforced armor targets. Sony VAIO VGN-SR240N/B Battery
This program concluded development but the Navy decided not to procure the weapon when the Air Force left the program.
AGM-154C (unitary variant)
The AGM-154C uses an Imaging Infrared (IIR) terminal seeker with autonomous guidance. The AGM-154C carries the BROACH warhead. Sony VAIO VGN-SR290JTH Battery
This two stage warhead is made up from a WDU-44 shaped augmenting warhead and a WDU-45 follow through bomb. The weapon is designed to attack hardened targets. It entered service with the US Navy in February 2005.
Production and upgrades
Full rate production started on December 29, 1999. Sony VAIO VGN-SR290JTJ Battery
In June 2000 Raytheon was contracted to develop an enhanced electronics package for the JSOW to prevent electronic spoofing of GPS signals. This ultimately resulted in the JSOW Block II weapon, incorporating multiple cost reduction initiatives in addition to the Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) capability. Sony VAIO VGN-SR290JTQ Battery
JSOW Block II was scheduled to begin production in March 2007.
The JSOW contains a modular control and deployment interface that allows future enhancement and additional configurations since it is likely that additional variants will emerge. The basic airframe is advertised as a "truck" and the JSOW-as-a-truck capability is widely advertised. Sony VAIO VGN-SR290JVB/C Battery
Raytheon has placed a tremendous investment in the JSOW program and will certainly try to extend the Department of Defense contracts for as long as possible with system upgrades and repackagings for new missions and targets. Sony VAIO VGN-SR290JVH/C Battery
JSOW Block III (JSOW-C1)
Raytheon was as of 2005 under contract to develop the JSOW Block III, which adds a Link-16 weapon data link and moving maritime target capability to the AGM-154C. It is scheduled to be produced in 2009.[3] Sony VAIO VGN-SR290NTB Battery
The first three launches were conducted in August 2011 from an F/A-18F.[4]
AGM-154A-1 (JSOW-A1)
In addition, the AGM-154A-1 configuration is under development by Raytheon for FMS sales. This version replaces the submunition payload of the AGM-154A with a BLU-111 warhead to enhance blast-fragmentation effects without the unexploded ordnance (UXO) concerns with the BLU-97/B payload. Sony VAIO VGN-SR29VN/S Battery
Powered JSOW
A Hamilton-Sundstrand TJ-150 turbojet engine for a powered JSOW is being tested. The powered variant name is JSOW-ER, where "ER" is for "extended range". JSOW-ER will increase range from 70 nautical miles out to 300 nautical miles.Sony VAIO VGN-SR29XN/S Battery
Combat history
The AGM-154A was the first variant to be used in combat. The AGM-154A traditionally is used for SEAD missions. Initial deployment testing occurred aboard USS Nimitz and later aboard the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. Sony VAIO VGN-SR2RVN/S Battery
The first combat deployment of the JSOW occurred over southern Iraq on December 17, 1998 when launched by a single F/A-18C from the "Checkerboards" ofMarine Fighter Attack Squadron 312, Carrier Air Wing 3 embarked aboard USS Enterprise during Operation Desert Fox. The glide range of the JSOW allowed the weapon to strike a target located in the southern suburbs of Baghdad. Sony VAIO VGN-SR390NAB Battery
This weapon enjoyed success since its early use. One adverse event: In February 2001, when a strike of F/A-18s from the USS Harry S. Trumanbattle group launched a massive attack on Iraqi air-defense sites, nearly every weapon missed the target. The cause of the miss was reported as a software problem. This problem was solved soon afterward. Sony VAIO VGN-SR390NAH Battery
Since 1998, at least 400 of the JSOW weapons have been used in the following conflicts: Operation Desert Fox Operation Southern Watch, NATO Operation Allied Force, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/P Battery
The AIM-7 Sparrow is an American, medium-range semi-active radar homing air-to-air missile operated by theUnited States Air Force, United States Navy and United States Marine Corps, as well as various allied air forces and navies. Sparrow and its derivatives were the West's principal beyond visual range (BVR) air-to-air missile from the late 1950s until the 1990s. Sony VAIO VGN-SR41M/S Battery
It remains in service, although it is being phased out in aviation applications in favor of the more advanced AIM-120 AMRAAM. The Self-Defence Forces of Japan also employ the Sparrow missile, though it is being phased out and replaced by the Mitsubishi AAM-4. NATO pilots use the brevity code Fox OneSony VAIO VGN-SR49VN/H Battery
in radio communication to signal launch of a Semi-Active Radar Homing Missile such as the Sparrow.[2]
The Sparrow was used as the basis for a surface-to-air missile, the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow, which is used by the United States Navy for air defense of its ships. Sony VAIO VGN-SR51B/P Battery
The Sparrow emerged from a late-1940s United States Navy program to develop a guided rocket weapon for air-to-air use. In 1947 the Navy contracted Sperry to build a beam riding version of a standard 5-inch (127 mm) HVAR, the standard unguided aerial rocket, under Project Hotshot. Sony VAIO VGN-SR51B/S Battery
The weapon was initially dubbed KAS-1, then AAM-2, and, from 1948 on, AAM-N-2. The airframe was developed by Douglas Aircraft Company. The diameter of the HVAR proved to be inadequate for the electronics, leading Douglas to expand the missile's airframe to 8-inch (203 mm) diameter. Sony VAIO VGN-SR51MF Battery
The prototype weapon began unpowered flight-tests in 1947, and made its first aerial interception in 1952.[1]
After a protracted development cycle the initial AAM-N-2 Sparrow entered limited operational service in 1954 with specially modified Skyknights all weather carrier night fighters.[3] Sony VAIO VGN-SR51MF/P Battery
And in 1956, there were carried by the F3H-2M Demon and F7U Cutlass fighter aircraft. Compared to the modern versions, the Sparrow I was more streamlined and featured a bullet-shaped airframe with a long pointed nose.
Sparrow I was a limited and rather primitive weapon. Sony VAIO VGN-SR51MF/S Battery
The limitations of beam-riding guidance (which was slaved to an optical sight on single seater fighters and a radar with night fighters) restricted the missile to attacks against targets flying a straight course and made it essentially useless against a maneuvering target. Only about 2,000 rounds were produced to this standard. Sony VAIO VGN-SR51MF/W Battery
Sparrow II
As early as 1950 Douglas examined equipping the Sparrow with an active radar seeker, initially known as XAAM-N-2a Sparrow II, the original retroactively becoming Sparrow I. In 1952 it was given the new code AAM-N-3. The active radar made the Sparrow II a "fire and forget" weapon, allowing several to be fired at separate targets at the same time. Sony VAIO VGN-NW50JB Battery
By 1955 Douglas proposed going ahead with development, intending it to be the primary weapon for the F5D Skylancerinterceptor. It was later selected, with some controversy, to be the primary weapon for the Canadian Avro Arrowsupersonic interceptor, along with the new Astra fire-control system. Sony VAIO VGN-NW51FB/N Battery
For Canadian use and as a second source for US missiles, Canadair was selected to build the missiles in Quebec.
The small size of the missile forebody and the K-band AN/APQ-64-radar limited performance, and it was never able to work in testing. Sony VAIO VGN-NW51FB/W Battery
After considerable development and test firings in the U.S. and Canada, Douglas abandoned development in 1956. Canadair continued development until the Arrow was cancelled in 1958.
Sparrow X
A subvariant of the Sparrow I armed with the same nuclear warhead as the MB-1 Genie was proposed in 1958, but was cancelled shortly thereafter. Sony VAIO VGN-NW70JB Battery
Sparrow III
Concurrently with the development of the Sparrow I, in 1951, Raytheon began work on the semi-active radar homingversion of Sparrow family of missiles, the AAM-N-6 Sparrow III. The first of these weapons entered United States Navy service in 1958.Sony VAIO VGN-NW71FB/N Battery
The AAM-N-6a was similar to the -6, but used a new Thiokol liquid-fuel rocket engine for improved performance. It also included changes to the guidance electronics to make it effective at higher closing speeds. The -6a was also selected to arm the Air Force'sF-110A Spectre(F-4 Phantom) fighters in 1962, known to them as the AIM-101. Sony VAIO VGN-NW71FB/W Battery
It entered production in 1959, with 7500 being built.
Another upgrade reverted to a Rocketdyne solid-fuel motor for the AAM-N-6b, which started production in 1963. The new motor significantly increased maximum range to 35 kilometres (22 mi) for head-on attacks. Sony VAIO VGN-NW91FS Battery
During this year the Navy and Air Force agreed on standardized naming conventions for their missiles. The Sparrows became the AIM-7 series. The original Sparrow I and aborted Sparrow II became the AIM-7A and AIM-7B, despite both being out of service. The -6, -6a and -6B became the AIM-7C, AIM-7D and AIM-7E respectively. Sony VAIO VGN-NW91GS Battery
25,000 AIM-7Es were produced, and saw extensive use during the Vietnam War, where its performance was generally considered disappointing. The mixed results were a combination of reliability problems (exacerbated by the tropical climate), limited pilot training in fighter-to-fighter combat, Sony VAIO VGN-NW91VS Battery
and restrictive rules of engagement that generally prohibited BVR (beyond visual range) engagements. The Pk (kill probability) of the AIM-7E was less than 10%; US fighter pilots shot down 55 aircraft using the Sparrow.
In 1969 an improved version, the E-2, was introduced with clipped wings and various changes to the fuzing. Considered a "dogfight Sparrow", Sony VAIO VGN-SR11M Battery
the AIM-7E-2 was intended to be used at shorter ranges where the missile was still travelling at high speeds, and in the head-on aspect, making it much more useful in the visual limitations imposed on the engagements. Sony VAIO VGN-SR11MR Battery
Even so, its kill rate was only 13% in combat in 1972, leading to a practice of ripple-firing all four at once in hopes of increasing kill probability. Its worst tendency was that of detonating prematurely, approximately a thousand feet in front of the launching aircraft, but it also had many motor failures, erratic flights, and fuzing problems. Sony VAIO VGN-SR140D Battery
An E-3 version included additional changes to the fuzing, and an E-4 featured a modified seeker for use with the F-14 Tomcat.
Improved versions of the AIM-7 were developed in the 1970s in an attempt to address the weapon's limitations. Sony VAIO VGN-SR140D/B Battery
The AIM-7F, which entered service in 1976, had a dual-stage rocket motor for longer range, solid-state electronics for greatly improved reliability, and a larger warhead. Even this version had room for improvement, leading British Aerospace and the Italian firm Selenia to develop advanced versions of Sparrow with better performance and improved electronics as the BAe Skyflash and Selenia Aspide, respectively. Sony VAIO VGN-SR140D/P Battery
The most common version of the Sparrow today, the AIM-7M, entered service in 1982 and featured a new inverse monopulse seeker (matching the capabilities of Skyflash), active radar fuse, digital controls, improved ECM resistance, and better low-altitude performance. It was used to good advantage in the 1991 Gulf War, Sony VAIO VGN-SR140D/S Battery
where it scored many USAF air-to-air kills; its kill probability, overall, is still less than 40%.
The AIM-7P is similar in most ways to the M versions, and was primarily an upgrade program for existing M-series missiles. The main changes were to the software, improving low-level performance. Sony VAIO VGN-SR140E Battery
A follow-on Block II upgrade added a new rear receiver allowing the missile to receive mid-course correction from the launching aircraft. Plans initially called for all M versions to be upgraded, but currently P's are being issued as required to replace M's lost or removed from the inventory. Sony VAIO VGN-SR140E/B Battery
The final version of the missile was to have been the AIM-7R, which added an infrared seeker to an otherwise unchanged AIM-7P Block II. A general wind-down of the budget led to it being cancelled in 1997. Sony VAIO VGN-SR140E/P Battery
Sparrow is now being phased out with the availability of the active-radar AIM-120 AMRAAM, but is likely to remain in service for several years. Sony VAIO VGN-SR140E/S Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-SR140N/S Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-SR165E/B Battery
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