Jordan River (Utah)

http://www.all-laptopfan.com/,http://www.all-keyboard.com/ The Jordan River in state of Utah, United States is a river about 51 miles (82 km) long. Regulated by pumps at its headwaters at Utah Lake, it flows northward through the Salt Lake Valley and empties into the Great Salt Lake. Four of Utah's six largest cities—Salt Lake City, West Valley City, West Jordan and Sandy—border the river. Lenovo ThinkPad Edge E420 Keyboard More than a million people live in the Jordan Subbasin, which is the part of the Jordan River watershed that lies within Salt Lake and Davis counties. During the Pleistocene, the area was part of Lake Bonneville. Members of the Desert Archaic Culture were the earliest known inhabitants of the region; an archaeological site found along the river dates back 3,000 years. HP Pavilion G61-336NR CPU Fan Mormon pioneers led by Brigham Young were the first European American settlers, arriving in July 1847 and establishing farms and settlements along the river and its tributaries. The growing population, needing water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use in an arid climate, dug ditches and canals, built dams, and installed pumps to create a highly regulated river. HP Pavilion dv7-6184ca CPU Fan Although the Jordan was originally a cold-water fishery with 13 native species including Bonneville cutthroat trout, it has become a warm-water fishery where common carp is most abundant. Heavily polluted for many years by raw sewage, agricultural runoff, and mining wastes, the river became cleaner in the 1960s when modern sewage treatment removed many pollutants. HP Pavilion dv7-3125eo CPU Fan In the 21st century, pollution is further limited by the Clean Water Act, and, in some cases, the Superfund program. Once the home of bighorn sheep and beaver, the contemporary river is frequented by raccoons, red foxes, and domestic pets. Along with the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake, it is still an important avian resource visited by more than 200 bird species. HP Pavilion dv7-2185dx CPU Fan Big Cottonwood, Little Cottonwood, Red Butte, Mill, Parley's, and City creeks, as well as smaller streams flow through the subbasin. The Jordan River Parkway along the river includes natural areas, botanical gardens, golf courses and a proposed 40-mile (64 km) bicycle and pedestrian trail, much of which has been completed. IBM MCF-C10AM05 CPU Fan The Jordan River is the Utah Lake's only outflow, and originates at the northern end of the lake between the cities of Lehi and Saratoga Springs. It then meanders north through the north end of Utah Valley for approximately 8 miles (13 km) until it passes through a gorge in the Traverse Mountains, known as the Jordan Narrows. SONY Vaio VGN-SZ2XP/C CPU Fan The Utah National Guard base at Camp Williams lies on the western side of the river through much of the Jordan Narrows.^[6][7] The Turner Dam, located 41.8 miles (67.3 km) from the river's mouth (or at river mile 41.8) and within the boundaries of the Jordan Narrows, is the first of two dams of the Jordan River. DELL Latitude E4300 CPU Fan The Turner dam diverts water to the right or easterly into theEast Jordan Canal and to the left or westerly toward the Utah and Salt Lake Canal. Two pumping stations, situated next to the Turner Dam, divert water to the west into the Provo Reservoir Canal, Utah Lake Distribution Canal and Jacob-Welby Canal. HP Pavilion dv7-2025es CPU Fan The Provo Reservoir Canal runs north through Salt Lake County, Jacob-Welby runs south through Utah County and the Utah Lake Distribution Canal runs both north and south eventually leading back into Utah Lake.^[8] Outside the narrows, the river reaches the second dam, known as the Joint Dam, which is 39.9 miles (64.2 km) from the river's mouth. FUJITSU LifeBook A6030 CPU Fan The Joint Dam diverts water to the east for the Jordan and Salt Lake City Canal and to the west for the South Jordan Canal. The river then flows through the middle of the Salt Lake Valley, initially moving through the city of Bluffdale and then forming the border between the cities of Riverton and Draper.^[6] The river then enters the city of South Jordan where it merges with Midas Creek from the west. SONY Vaio VGN-FS115Z CPU Fan Upon leaving South Jordan, the river forms the border between the cities of West Jordan on the west and Sandy and Midvale on the east. From the west, Bingham Creek enters in West Jordan. Dry Creek, an eastern tributary, combines with the main river in Sandy. The river then forms the border between the cities of Taylorsvilleand West Valley City on the west and Murray and South Salt Lake on the east. HP 532617-001 CPU Fan The river flows underneath Interstate 215 in Murray. Little and Big Cottonwood Creeks enter from the east in Murray, 21.7 miles (34.9 km) and 20.6 miles (33.2 km) from the mouth respectively. Mill Creek enters on the east in South Salt Lake, 17.3 miles (27.8 km) from the mouth. The river runs through the middle of Salt Lake City, ACER Aspire 5730Z CPU Fan where the river travels underneath Interstate 80 a mile west of downtown of Salt Lake City and again underneath Interstate 215 in the northern portion of Salt Lake City. Interstate 15 parallels the river's eastern flank throughout Salt Lake County. At 16 miles (26 km) from the mouth, the river enters into the Surplus Canal channel. HP G56-126NR CPU Fan The Jordan River physically diverts from the Surplus Canal through four gates and heads north with the Surplus Canal heading north-west. Parley's, Emigration, Red Butte Creeks converge from the east through an underground pipe, 14.2 miles (22.9 km) from the mouth.^[6] City Creek also enters via an underground pipe, 11.5 miles (18.5 km) from the river's mouth. HP Pavilion dv7-6166nr CPU Fan The length of the river and the elevation of its mouth varies year to year depending on the fluctuations of the Great Salt Lake caused by weather conditions. The lake has an average elevation of 4,200 feet (1,300 m) which can deviate by 10 feet (3.0 m).^[3] The Jordan River then continues for 9 to 12 miles (14 to 19 km) with Salt Lake County on the west and North Salt Lake and Davis County on the east until it empties into the Great Salt Lake. FUJITSU Lifebook A3210 CPU Fan The United States Geological Survey maintains a stream gauge in Salt Lake City that shows annual runoff from the period between 1980–2003 is just over 150,000acre feet (190,000,000 m³) per year or 19 percent of the total 800,000 acre feet (990,000,000 m³) of water entering the Jordan River from all sources. DELL Precision M6400 CPU Fan The Surplus Canal carries almost 60 percent of the water into the Great Salt Lake with various irrigation canals responsible for the rest. The amount of water entering the Jordan River from Utah Lake is just over 400,000 acre feet (490,000,000 m³) per year. Inflow from the 11 largest streams feeding the Jordan River, Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX CPU Fan sewage treatment plants and ground water each accounts for approximately 15 percent of water entering the river. The Jordan Subbasin, as defined by the United States Geological Survey, is located entirely within Salt Lake and Davis counties in a roughly rectangular area of 791 square miles (2,050 km²). HP Pavilion dv2660se CPU Fan The Subbasin is part of the larger 3,830-square-mile (9,900 km²) Jordan River Basin that includes the upper Jordan River, Utah Lake, Provo and Spanish Fork Subbasins.^[5][13] Four of the six largest cities in Utah are in Salt Lake County. The Jordan River flows through Sandy, with a 2010 population of 87,461; West Jordan, population 103,712; Toshiba Satellite L500-1XC CPU Fan West Valley City, population 129,480; and Salt Lake City, population 186,440.^[14]Flanked on either side by mountain ranges, the topography of the land varies greatly. The Wasatch Mountains rise on the east, with a high point of 11,100 feet (3,400 m) above sea level at Twin Peaks, near the town of Alta. DELL GM0503PEB1-8 (L2.M) CPU Fan The Oquirrh Mountains rise on the west, with a high point of over 9,000 feet (2,700 m) above sea level at Farnsworth Peak. The low point of 4,200 feet (1,300 m) is at the river's mouth, where the river enters the Great Salt Lake. Both the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains arefault-block mountains created from normal-slip faults where the mountains rise at the fault and the valley floor drops. HP Pavilion dv7-1098eo CPU Fan TheWasatch Fault runs along the western edge of the Wasatch Mountains and the Oquirrh Fault runs along the eastern edge of the Oquirrh Mountains. From approximately 75,000 to 8,000 years ago, much of what is now northern Utah was covered by a Pleistocene lake called Lake Bonneville. Toshiba Satellite A205-S5804 CPU Fan At its greatest extent, Lake Bonneville reached an elevation of 5,200 feet (1,600 m) above sea level and had a surface area of 19,800 square miles (51,000 km²). The lake left behind lacustrine sediments, which resulted in a relatively flat lake bed, and the valley floors seen today. As the region experienced increasingly warmer and drier climate over time, HP Pavilion dv7-1240us CPU Fan Lake Bonneville's water levels receded, leaving the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake as remnants.^[17] The river's greatest slope, 27 feet per mile (5.1 m/km), is in the Jordan Narrows, while the rest of the river has a more gentle slope of 2 to 4 feet per mile (0.4 to 0.8 m/km).^[18] Approximately 237,000 acres (960 km²) (46 percent of land area) of the Jordan Subbasin is in the Wasatch, Oquirrh and Traverse mountains.^[19]  DELL yy529 CPU Fan The United States Forest Service manages 91,000 acres (370 km²) of land in the Wasatch Range. The vast majority of the Oquirrh Range is privately held,^[20] with Kennecott Copper Mine owning most of the land. The State of Utah has scattered land holdings of 9,800 acres (40 km²) throughout the subbasin and owns the beds of all navigable streams and lakes.^[19] Toshiba Qosmio G40-10E CPU Fan The Jordan Subbasin has two distinct climate zones. The lower elevations are characterized as a cold, semi-arid climate, with four distinct seasons. Both summer and winter are long with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Salt Lake City receives 61 inches (150 cm) of snow annually, part of a total of 16.5 inches (420 mm) of precipitation per year. SONY Vaio VGN-CR407E CPU Fan The mean maximum temperature is 91 °F (33 °C) in July and 37 °F (3 °C) in January^[21] Areas of higher elevation have two distinct seasons, summer and winter. One of the areas of highest elevation, Alta, Utah, receives 544 inches (1,380 cm) of snow annually, part of a total of 52 inches (1,300 mm) of precipitation per year. HP Pavilion dv6-3131tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The mean maximum temperature is 71 °F (22 °C) in July and 29 °F (−2 °C) in January. The first known inhabitants of the banks of the Jordan River were members of the Desert Archaic Culture, a group of nomadic hunter-gatherers. A 3,000-year-old archaeological site, called the Soo'nkahni Village, was uncovered next to the Jordan River and over 30,000 artifacts have been excavated.^[23] HP 622029-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The next recorded inhabitants, between 400 A.D. to around 1350 A.D., were the Fremont people, composed of several scattered bands of hunters and farmers living in what is now southern Idaho, western Nevada and most of Utah.^[24] The disappearance of the Fremont people has been attributed to both changing climatic conditions, Toshiba Satellite L675D-S7047 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan which put an end to favorable weather for farming, and to the arrival of ancestors to the present-day Ute, Paiute, and Northwestern Shoshone.^[25] Although there were no permanent Native American settlements when European settlers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, the area bordered land occupied by several tribes, such as the Timpanogot band of the Utes in Utah Valley,^[26] HP Pavilion dv7-4170ez Laptop CPU Cooling Fan the Goshutes on the western side of the Oquirrh Mountain Range^[27] and the Northwestern Shoshone north of the Salt Lake Valley.^[28]In 1776, Franciscan missionary Silvestre Vélez de Escalante was trying to find a land route from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Monterey, California. His party included twelve Spanish colonials and two Utes from the Utah Valley Timpanogots band who acted as guides. HP Pavilion dv4-1506tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan On 23 September 1776, the party entered Utah Valley at the present-day city of Spanish Fork. The local Timanogots villagers hosted them and told them of the lake to the north.^[29] In his journal, Escalante described Utah Lake as a "lake, which must be six leagues wide and fifteen leagues long, [and] extends as far as one of these valleys. Compaq Presario CQ61-411WM Laptop CPU Cooling Fan It runs northwest through a narrow passage, and according to what they told us, it communicates with others much larger." The Great Salt Lake was described as the "other lake with which this one communicates, according to what they told us, [and] covers many leagues, and its waters are noxious and extremely salty."^[30] IBM FRU 46L4753 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The next group of Europeans to see the Jordan River was the party of Étienne Provost, a French Canadian trapper. In October 1824, Provost's party was lured into a Shoshone camp somewhere along the Jordan River, where they were attacked in retaliation for the murder of a local chief. In truth, the murder was committed by a member of Peter Skene Ogden's party. HP Pavilion dv6-3190sf Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The men were caught off guard, and fifteen perished, but Provost and two others escaped.^[31] The river was historically named Proveau's Fork,^[32] as the Quebec-born fur trapper was known as Proveau and Provot, in addition to Provost (and the pronunciation was "Provo"). On 22 July 1847, the first party of Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, SONY Vaio VGN-FZ21E Laptop CPU Cooling Fan and five days later another party led byBrigham Young crossed the Jordan River and bathed in the Great Salt Lake.^[37] The River Jordan (located in the Middle East) drains the Sea of Galilee into the Dead Sea in a way which the settlers found remarkably similar to the way the as-yet-unnamed local river drained Utah Lake into the saline Great Salt Lake. HP G42-415DX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan This similarity influenced the eventual name of the river, and on 22 August 1847, a conference was held and the name Western Jordan River was decided upon,^[38] although it was later shortened to the Jordan River. By 1850, settlements were established along the Jordan River, Big Cottonwood Creek, Little Cottonwood Creek, Mill Creek, Parley's Creek and Emigration Creek.^[39] HP 646578-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan In 1850, Captain Howard Stansbury of the United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineerstraveled the entire length of the Jordan River,^[40] surveying^[41] and making observations of the wildlife.^[42] Around the year 1887 at Bingham Canyon in the Oquirrh Mountains, low-grade copper deposits were discovered and mining claims were filed. HP KSB06105HA CPU Fan Bingham Canyon is a porphyry copper deposit where magma containing copper, molybdenum, gold and other minerals slowly moved its way to the surface and cooled into rock.^[43] By 1890, underground copper mining had started, and in 1907, Kennecott Copper Mine started open pit mining.^[44] In the early 20th century, mills were established near the Jordan River in Midvale and West Jordan to process ore.  Dell Latitude E6500 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan As of 2010, Kennecott Copper Mine's open pit is 2.8 miles (4.5 km) wide and 0.8 miles (1.3 km) deep.^[45] Throughout the 19th century and up to the 1940s, water from the Jordan River watershed sustained the agrarian society of the Salt Lake Valley. In 1950, Salt Lake County had 489,000 acres (198,000 ha) devoted to farming.^[46] SONY Vaio VGN-NR120Q Laptop CPU Cooling Fan By 1992, however, the rapid urbanization of the Salt Lake Valley had reduced the amount of land devoted to farming to 108,000 acres (44,000 ha),^[47] which was further reduced to 82,267 acres (33,292 ha) by 2002. Alterations of the Jordan River watershed began two days after the Mormon Pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley when water was diverted from City Creek for irrigation.^[49][50] Toshiba Satellite A205-S5879 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The earliest dam and ditch along the Jordan River was constructed in 1849 to irrigate land on the west side of the river near present-day Taylorsville.^[51] Other ditches include one built by Archibald Gardner, one of the founders of West Jordan in 1850, to provide water for his mill and one built by Alexander Beckstead, a founder of South Jordan, HP KSB06105HA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan who built the Beckstead Ditch in 1859 to provide water for farmland. Many other small dams and ditches were also constructed in the first 25 years, several of which are still used as of 2010. All of these ditches irrigated only small amounts of land in the Jordan River floodplain; the largest, the Beckstead Ditch, irrigated 580 acres (230 ha). Toshiba Satellite L645D-S4056 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan By the late 1860s, it became apparent that new, larger canals needed to be built if more acreage was to be farmed. The first dam in the Jordan Narrows was constructed in 1872 and raised in 1880, sparking an outcry from residents living near Utah Lake who thought the dam was responsible for raising the level of the lake. HP Pavilion dv6-2016ax Laptop CPU Cooling Fan After several years of dispute, a commission was established to determine an acceptable compromise for the elevation of Utah Lake.^[54] The commission's 1885 decision stated that if the lake level were to rise above the established compromise level, the Jordan River could not be impeded by either dams or flood gates. SONY Vaio VGN-CR11S/P Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Additionally, the commission stated that after water pumps were installed at the source of the river, the pumps should all be working if the lake were to rise above the compromise level. However, if the lake level fell below the compromise level, pumps could be turned off so that water could be held for storage in Utah Lake. HP Pavilion dv7-6b55dx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan In 1875, the first large canal, the South Jordan Canal, was completed and it brought water to the area above the bluffs of the Jordan River for the first time.^[56] All told, five large canals that originated from the dams in the Jordan Narrows were completed by 1883.^[52] A second dam was built in 1890 a few miles downstream from the first dam and was constructed to better regulate the flow of two canals.^[5APPLE MacBook Pro 15 inch MA610LL Laptop CPU Cooling Fan ^7] Both dams have been rebuilt in subsequent years and operate as diversion points for canals rather than impounding water by the use of sluice gates and head gates. The drought of 1901–1902 caused the Jordan River, on occasion, to stop flowing, and in response to the drought a pumping plant was installed at the outlet from Utah Lake. HP G71-340US Laptop CPU Cooling Fan It was the largest pumping plant in the United States at the time, and contained seven pumps with a total capacity of 700 cubic feet (20 m³) per second.^[58] Twice, during the droughts of 1934 and 1992, Utah Lake levels dropped so low that the pumps were rendered useless and the Jordan River actually ran dry.^[59] HP Pavilion dv7-6166nr Laptop CPU Cooling Fan In the 1950s, due to flood control measures to increase river velocity, large sections of the river were straightened in Salt Lake County. As part of the straightening process, meanders or curves in the river were cut off and the channel slope was increased. The river was also shifted to opposite sides of the flood plain in Midvale and Murray as part of local smelter operations.^[60] HP Pavilion dv6-3050et Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Floods in 1983–1984 caused Utah Lake to overflow its banks, flooding homes and farmland in Provo, Lehi and present-day Saratoga Springs. Dikes had to be constructed around Interstate 15 in Provo to prevent Utah Lake flooding the freeway. Big Cottonwood, Parley's, Emigration and City creeks flowed down sand-bag lined streets in order to manage the overflowing streams. Dell Vostro 3500 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Additional dikes were built at the Great Salt Lake to protect railroad lines and Interstate 80.^[61][62] As a result of the flooding, the Utah Lake compromise level was amended to 4,489 feet (1,368 m). In the Jordan River, invertebrates not only play an important role as a source of food for fish and other aquatic life, they also function as a parameter by which to measure water quality and the health of the river.^[63] HP KSB06105HA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan There are 34 different groups of invertebrates found in the Jordan River, most commonly of the class Oligochaeta (which includes earthworms), along withmosquito larvae and caddisfly larvae. The state of Utah maintains a Sensitive Species List that includes "those species for which there is credible scientific evidence to substantiate a threat to continued population viability."^[64] HP Pavilion dv5-2135dx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The Lyrate mountainsnail^[65] and the western pearlshell mussel,^[66] both native to the Jordan River watershed, are found on this list.^[67][68] A 2007 survey of invertebrates and their response to pollution stated that the Jordan River was substantially to severely impaired with organic pollution and that it contained reduced levels of dissolved oxygen.^[69] HP Pavilion dv7t-6100 CTO Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Historically, the Jordan River was a cold-water fishery that contained 13 native species, including the Bonneville cutthroat trout, Utah Lake sculpin, June sucker, Mottled sculpin, Utah chub and the Utah Sucker. Today, the Jordan River is a warm-water fishery with the Utah Sucker and the endangered June Sucker present only in Utah Lake. Compaq Presario CQ61-435SA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The Utah chub, however, is still found in the Jordan River.^[70] The most common species of fish encountered today is the common carp, which was introduced into the Jordan River and Utah Lake as a source of food after overfishing caused the depletion of native species stocks.^[71][72] The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources regularly stocks the river withcatfish and rainbow trout.  ASUS M51SE Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Before the area was urbanized, mammals such as bighorn sheep, mule deer, coyote, wolves, beaver, muskrat and jack rabbits would have been seen along the river. A "varmint hunt" was organized by John D. Lee around 1848, after the arrival of Mormon settlers. The final count of the hunt included "two bears, two wolverines, HP G42-415DX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan two wildcats, 783 wolves, 409 foxes, 31 minks, nine eagles, 530 magpies, hawks and owls, and 1,026 ravens."^[74] None of the original large mammals is found along the Jordan River today; they have, for the most part, been replaced by raccoons, red foxes and domestic pets.^[75] Animals from the Jordan River area found on the Utah Sensitive Species List include the smooth green snake,^[76] the western toad,^[77] kit fox,^[78] spotted bat,^[79] and Townsend's big-eared bat.^[80][81] ACER Aspire 4736ZG Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Combined with Utah Lake and the Great Salt Lake, the Jordan River offers one of the region's richest bird resources. Over 200 bird species use the river for breeding habitat or as a stop-over on their migratory route.^[82] Once-common native species such as the willow flycatcher, gray catbird, warbling vireo, American redstart, black tern, and yellow-billed cuckoo are no longer found along the river.  HP Pavilion dv4-1133tx Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The common yellowthroat and yellow-breasted chat are still found in small isolated populations. The most common species now found are the black-billed magpie, mourning dove, Western Meadowlark, barn swallow, and the non-native ring-necked pheasant and starlings. Vegetation in the watershed is closely tied to elevation and precipitation levels.  HP Pavilion dv6-3043ee Laptop CPU Cooling Fan About 30 percent of the basin, mostly at higher elevation levels, is populated with oak, aspen and coniferous trees. At the lower levels, 27 percent of the basin is rich in mountain-brush, sagebrush, juniper and grasses. About 34 percent of the Jordan River basin is classified as urban.^[84]  Compaq Presario CQ61-421SG Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Russian olive and tamarisk or salt cedar trees now dominate the Jordan River floodplain where willow trees and cottonwood trees would once have been found. Plant species such as foxtail barley, saltgrass, rabbitbrush, cattails and other reeds are still found in small pockets along the river.^[85]  HP Pavilion dv6-1101au Laptop CPU Cooling Fan Exotic pasture grasses such as orchard grass, bluegrass, redtop bentgrass,quackgrass, wheatgrass and fescue have become the common species of grass.^[86] The vulnerable flower, Ute's Ladies'-tresses, can also be found along the river. The Jordan River has been a repository for waste since the settling of the Salt Lake Valley. HP Pavilion dv6-3125er Laptop CPU Cooling Fan For 100 years, raw, untreated sewage was dumped into the river; farming and animal runoff occurred; and mining operations led to 40 smelters being built and contaminating the river with heavy metals, mostly arsenic and lead. In 1962, the river in Midvale recorded a total coliform level of about 3 million per 100 milliliters,^[88] HP 606575-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan even though the state of Utah criteria for the total number of coliform bacteria in water samples should not exceed 5,000 per 100 milliliters. In 1965, a new sewage treatment plant came on-line in Salt Lake City that prevented 32,000,000 US gallons per day (120,000 m³/d) of raw sewage from being dumped into a canal.^[89]  HP Pavilion dv7-6185us Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The Utah Division of Water Quality and Utah Division of Drinking Water are responsible for the regulation and management of water quality in the State of Utah. Streams that exceed the standard contamination levels are placed on the 303d list in accordance with the Clean Water Act. DELL DFS491105MH0T Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The Act also requires states to identify impaired water bodies every two years and develop a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for pollutants that may cause impairments in the various water bodies.^[90] The Jordan River and Little Cottonwood Creek were included on the 2006 303d list; HP 532613-001 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan parameters that exceeded the standard level for at least part of the Jordan River include temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, E. Coli and salinity. Superfund sites are designated as being among the nation's worst areas with respect to toxic and hazardous waste. Compaq Presario CQ60-417DX Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The Environmental Protection Agency is the federal agency that determines if a particular site is hazardous, prepares a course of action to reduce the hazard, and finds the parties responsible for the pollution. If a site is listed with the Superfund program, federal dollars are available for cleanup.^[92] HP Pavilion dv7-3060us Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The Kennecott South Zone/Bingham site contains contamination from Kennecott Copper Mine's operation in Copperton, at the base of the Oquirrh Mountains to Bingham Creek and Butterfield Creek. A 72-square-mile (190 km²) plume of lead, arsenic and sulfates (covering 9 percent of the watershed) currently contaminates the ground water from the mine site all the way to the Jordan River.  HP KSB06105HA Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The largest inland reverse osmosis plant in the country was built in 2006 to clean up the ground water and a second plant has been scheduled for construction; completion of the ground water cleanup, however, is not projected until 2040. In 1998, the site was removed from the Superfund list due to Kennecott's progress in the cleanup and a consent decree legally obligating Kennecott to continue the rest of the cleanup. Dell Latitude E6510 Laptop CPU Cooling Fan The Murray Smelter site was the location of a large lead smelter in operation from 1872 until 1949. The 142-acre (57 ha) site contained groundwater contamination from arsenic and lead, but the majority of the cleanup was completed in 2001.^[95] In Midvale, there are two Superfund sites that sit along 4 percent of the Jordan River. HP Pavilion dv6-2019er Laptop CPU Cooling Fan