An Academy Award is an award bestowed by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)[1] to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors and writers. The Oscar statuette is officially named the Academy Award of Merit and is one of nine types of Academy Awards. Sony VAIO VGN-NW11S/S Battery
The formal ceremony at which the Awards of Merit are presented is one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world, and is televised live in more than 100 countries annually. It is also the oldest award ceremony in the media; its equivalents, the Grammy Awards (for music), Sony VAIO VGN-NW11S/T Battery
Emmy Awards (for television), and Tony Awards (for theatre) are modeled after the Academy.
The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry’s image and help mediate labor disputes. Sony VAIO VGN-NW11Z/S Battery
The Oscar itself was later initiated by the Academy as an award "of merit for distinctive achievement" in the industry.[2]
The first Academy Awards ceremony was held on May 16, 1929, at the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to honor the outstanding film achievements of the 1927/1928 film season. Sony VAIO VGN-NW11Z/T Battery
The 84th Academy Awards, honoring films in 2011, was held at theHollywood and Highland Center on February 26, 2012.
The first awards were presented on May 16, 1929, at a private brunch at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. Sony VAIO VGN-NW21EF/S Battery
The post Academy Awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[3] The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other personalities of the filmmaking industry of the time for their works during the 1927–1928 period. Sony VAIO VGN-NW21JF Battery
Winners had been announced three months earlier; however that was changed in the second ceremony of the Academy Awards in 1930. Since then and during the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11 pm on the night of the awards. Sony VAIO VGN-NW21MF Battery
This method was used until the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the Academy has used a sealed envelope to reveal the name of the winners since 1941.[3]
For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. Sony VAIO VGN-NW21MF/W Battery
For example, the 2nd Academy Awards presented on April 3, 1930, recognized films that were released between August 1, 1928 and July 31, 1929. Starting with the 7th Academy Awards, held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31. Sony VAIO VGN-NW21ZF Battery
The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. Sony VAIO VGN-NW31EF/W Battery
The honored professionals were awarded for all the work done in a certain category for the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period. Since the fourth ceremony, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. Sony VAIO VGN-NW31JF Battery
As of the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony held in 2011, a total of 2,809 Oscars have been given for 1,853 awards.[4] A total of 302 actors have won Oscars in competitive acting categories or have been awarded Honorary or Juvenile Awards. Sony VAIO VGN-NW320F/B Battery
The 1939 film Beau Geste is the only movie that features as many as four Academy Award winners for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Gary Cooper, Ray Milland, Susan Hayward, Broderick Crawford) prior to any of the actors receiving the Best Actor Award. Sony VAIO VGN-NW320F/TC Battery
At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27, 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films were honored with the Special Achievement Award.
Design
Although there are seven other types of annual awards presented by the Academy Sony VAIO VGN-NW35E Battery
(the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, the Gordon E. Sawyer Award, the Scientific and Engineering Award, the Technical Achievement Award, the John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation, and the Student Academy Award) plus two awards that are not presented annually Sony VAIO VGN-NW380F/S Battery
(the Special Achievement Award in the form of an Oscar statuette and the Honorary Award that may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette), the best known one is the Academy Award of Merit more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. Made of gold-platedbritannium on a black metal base, Sony VAIO VGN-NW380F/T Battery
it is 13.5 in (34 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.85 kg) and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's swordstanding on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes each represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.[5] Sony VAIO VGN-NW50JB Battery
In 1928, MGM's art director Cedric Gibbons, one of the original Academy members, supervised the design of the award trophy by printing the design on a scroll.[6]In need of a model for his statuette, Gibbons was introduced by his future wife Dolores del Río to Mexican film director and actor Emilio "El Indio" Fernández. Sony VAIO VGN-NW51FB/N Battery
Reluctant at first, Fernández was finally convinced to pose nude to create what today is known as the "Oscar". Then, sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain[7] at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Gibbons's design in clay and Sachin Smith cast the statuette in 92.5 percent tin and 7.5 percent copper and then gold-plated it. Sony VAIO VGN-NW51FB/W Battery
The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Awards statuettes. Sony VAIO VGN-NW70JB Battery
Since 1983,[8]approximately 50 Oscars are made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company.[9]
In support of the American effort in World War II, the statuettes were made of plaster and were traded in for gold ones after the war had ended.[10] Sony VAIO VGN-NW71FB/N Battery
Naming
The root of the name Oscar is contested. One biography of Bette Davis claims that she named the Oscar after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson;[11] one of the earliest mentions in print of the term Oscar dates back to a Time magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards.[12] Sony VAIO VGN-NW71FB/W Battery
Walt Disney is also quoted as thanking the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932.[13] Another claimed origin is that the Academy's Executive Secretary, Margaret Herrick, first saw the award in 1931 and made reference to the statuette's reminding her of her "Uncle Oscar" (a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce).[14] Sony VAIO VGN-NW91FS Battery
Columnist Sidney Skolsky was present during Herrick's naming and seized the name in his byline, "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette 'Oscar'".[15] The trophy was officially dubbed the "Oscar" in 1939 by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.[16] Sony VAIO VGN-NW91GS Battery
Another legend reports that the Norwegian-American Eleanor Lilleberg, executive secretary to Louis B. Mayer, saw the first statuette and exclaimed, "It looks like King Oscar II!". At the end of the day she asked, "What should we do with Oscar, put him in the vault?" and the name stuck. Sony VAIO VGN-NW91VS Battery
Ownership of Oscar statuettes
Since 1950, the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering to sell them back to the Academy for US$1. Sony VAIO VGN-AR47G/E1 Battery
If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards not protected by this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.In December 2011, Orson Welles' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane was put up for auction, Sony VAIO VGN-AR520E Battery
after his heirs won a 2004 court decision that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.[19]
While the Oscar is under the ownership of the recipient, it is essentially not on the open market.[20] Sony VAIO VGN-AR53DB Battery
The case of Michael Todd's grandson trying to sell Todd's Oscar statuette illustrates that there are some who do not agree with this idea. When Todd's grandson attempted to sell Todd's Oscar statuette to a movie prop collector, the Academy won the legal battle by getting a permanent injunction. Sony VAIO VGN-AR54DB Battery
Although Oscar sales transactions have been successful, some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.[21]
Nomination
Since 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in late January. Sony VAIO VGN-AR550E Battery
Prior to that, the results were announced in early February.
Voters
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of 5,783 as of 2012.[22] Sony VAIO VGN-AR55DB Battery
Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's composition. Sony VAIO VGN-AR630E Battery
Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) for the past 73 annual awards ceremonies.[23]
All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Sony VAIO VGN-AR64DB Battery
Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contribution to the field of motion pictures.
New membership proposals are considered annually. Sony VAIO VGN-AR65DB Battery
The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.[24] Sony VAIO VGN-AR660U Battery
In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting will be implemented in 2013.[25]
Rules
Currently, according to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, Sony VAIO VGN-AR690U Battery
from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, to qualify (except for the Best Foreign Language Film).[26] For example, the 2010 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was actually first released in 2008, Sony VAIO VGN-AR71ZU Battery
but did not qualify for the 2009 awards as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2010 awards.
Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short subject awards, Sony VAIO VGN-AR730E/B Battery
and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with native resolution not less than 1280x720.
Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; Sony VAIO VGN-AR73DB Battery
in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases. Sony VAIO VGN-AR74DB Battery
In late December ballots and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). Sony VAIO VGN-AR75UDB Battery
There are some exceptions in the case of certain categories, like Foreign Film, Documentary and Animated Feature Film, in which movies are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches. In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees for that category. Sony VAIO VGN-AR790U/B Battery
Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film per year.[27]
The members of the various branches nominate those in their respective fields, while all members may submit nominees for Best Picture. Sony VAIO VGN-AR820E Battery
The winners are then determined by a second round of voting in which all members are then allowed to vote in most categories, including Best Picture.[28]
Telecast
The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, Sony VAIO VGN-AR830E Battery
most commonly in February or March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. Sony VAIO VGN-AR83S Battery
This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. Sony VAIO VGN-AR83US Battery
(The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast).
The Academy Awards is televised live across the United States Sony VAIO VGN-AR84S Battery
(excluding Hawaii; they aired live for the first time in Alaska in 2011), Canada, the United Kingdom, and gathers millions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world.[29] The 2007 ceremony was watched by more than 40 million Americans.[30] Sony VAIO VGN-AR84US Battery
Other awards ceremonies (such as the Emmys, Golden Globes, and Grammys) are broadcast live in the East Coast but are on tape delay in the West Coast and might not air on the same day outside North America (if the awards are even televised). Sony VAIO VGN-AR85S Battery
The Academy has for several years claimed that the award show has up to a billion viewers internationally, but this has so far not been confirmed by any independent sources. The Awards show was first televised on NBC in 1953. Sony VAIO VGN-AR85US Battery
NBC continued to broadcast the event until 1960 when the ABC Network took over, televising the festivities through 1970, after which NBC resumed the broadcasts. ABC once again took over broadcast duties in 1976; it is under contract to do so through the year 2020.[31] Sony VAIO VGN-AR870EA Battery
After more than sixty years of being held in late March or early April, the ceremonies were moved up to late February or early March starting in 2004 to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaignsassociated with Oscar season in the film industry. Sony VAIO VGN-AR890U Battery
Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important Februarysweeps period. Sony VAIO VGN-AR93S Battery
(Some years, the ceremony is moved into early March in deference to the Winter Olympics.) Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. Sony VAIO VGN-AR93US Battery
The Awards show holds the distinction of having won the mostEmmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations.[32]
After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 p.m. Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, in 1999 the ceremonies were moved to Sundays at 8:30 p.m. Sony VAIO VGN-AR94S Battery
Eastern/5:30 p.m. Pacific.[33] The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and that an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier.[34] Sony VAIO VGN-AR94US Battery
For many years the film industry had opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.[35]
On March 30, 1981, the awards ceremony was postponed for one day after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C. Sony VAIO VGN-AR95S Battery
In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced,[36] honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.[37] This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Sony VAIO VGN-AR95US Battery
In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced that winners' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the show" – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.[38] Sony VAIO VGN-AW110J/H Battery
The Academy has also had recent discussions about moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers' fatigue with the film industry's long awards season. But such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, Sony VAIO VGN-AW11M/H Battery
to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Also, a January ceremony may have to compete with National Football League playoff games. Sony VAIO VGN-AW11S/B Battery
Historically, the "Oscarcast" has pulled in a bigger haul when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture trophy. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated close to US$600 million at the North American box office pre-Oscars. Sony VAIO VGN-AW11XU/Q Battery
The 76th Academy Awards ceremony in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture drew 43.56 million viewers.[45] The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, Sony VAIO VGN-AW11Z/B Battery
however, was the 42nd Academy Awards(Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.[46]
By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings. Sony VAIO VGN-AW120J/H Battery
The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budgeted, independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%.[47] In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, Sony VAIO VGN-AW150Y/H Battery
the lowest rated and least watched ceremony to date, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.[48] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another low-budget, independently financed film (No Country for Old Men). Sony VAIO VGN-AW160J/Q Battery
Venues
In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930–1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles. Sony VAIO VGN-AW170Y/Q Battery
Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theater at what was the Academy's headquarters onMelrose Avenue in Hollywood.[49] Sony VAIO VGN-AW180Y/Q Battery
From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the 1953–1957 awards took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre (1954–1957), Sony VAIO VGN-AW190JAH Battery
after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. Sony VAIO VGN-AW190NAB Battery
In 2002, the Kodak Theatre became the permanent home of the award ceremonies. However, due to Eastman Kodak's bankruptcy issues, this theatre was renamed the Hollywood and Highland Center in the days preceding the February 26, 2012, awards ceremony. Sony VAIO VGN-AW190NBB Battery
As of May 2012 the theatre was once again renamed the Dolby Theatre after Dolby Laboratories acquired the naming rights.
Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sony VAIO VGN-AW190NCB Battery
Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance while working within the film industry. Prior to the 49th Academy Awards ceremony (1976), this award was simply known as the Academy Award of Merit for Performance by an Actor. Sony VAIO VGN-AW190YAB Battery
Since its inception, however, the award has commonly been referred to as the Oscar for Best Actor. While actors are nominated for this award by Academy members who are actors and actresses themselves, winners are selected by the Academy membership as a whole. Sony VAIO VGN-AW190YBB Battery
Throughout the past 84 years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, AMPAS has presented a total of 85 Best Actor awards to 76 different actors. Winners of this Academy Award of Merit receive the familiar Oscar statuette, depicting a gold-plated knight holding a crusader's sword and standing on a reel of film. Sony VAIO VGN-AW190YCB Battery
The first recipient was Emil Jannings, who was honored at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony (1929) for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. The most recent recipient was Jean Dujardin, who was honored at the 84th Academy Awards ceremony (2011) for his performance in The Artist.
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In the first three years of the Academy Awards, individuals such as actors and directors were nominated as the best in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award. Sony VAIO VGN-AW220J/B Battery
However, during the 3rd Academy Awards ceremony (1930), only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had had two films following their names on the ballots. For the 4th Academy Awards ceremony (1931), Sony VAIO VGN-AW230J/H Battery
this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a specific performance in a single film. Such nominations are limited to five per year. Until the 8th Academy Awards ceremony (1936), nominations for the Best Actor award were intended to include all actors, Sony VAIO VGN-AW235J/B Battery
whether the performance was in either a leading or supporting role. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony (1937), however, the Best Supporting Actor category was specifically introduced as a distinct award following complaints that the single Best Actor category necessarily favored leading performers with the most screen time. Sony VAIO VGN-AW290JFQ Battery
Nonetheless, Lionel Barrymore had received a Best Actor award (A Free Soul, 1931) and Franchot Tone a Best Actor nomination (Mutiny on the Bounty, 1936) for their performances in clear supporting roles. Currently, Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role, Sony VAIO VGN-AW41JF Battery
Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role, Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, and Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role constitute the four Academy Awards of Merit for acting annually presented by AMPAS. Sony VAIO VGN-AW41JF/H Battery
Other awards for acting
Actors have also received special awards, or Academy Honorary Awards, for acting in specific films (such as in the case of James Baskett, who received a special honorary award for Disney's Song of the South). Sony VAIO VGN-AW41MF Battery
Child actors have also been awarded the Academy Juvenile Award.
Nine men have won the Best Actor award twice. In chronological order, they are: Spencer Tracy (1937, 1938), Fredric March (1932, 1946), Gary Cooper (1941, 1952), Marlon Brando (1954, 1972), Dustin Hoffman (1979, 1988), Sony VAIO VGN-AW41MF/H Battery
Tom Hanks (1993, 1994), Jack Nicholson (1975, 1997), Daniel Day-Lewis (1989, 2007), and Sean Penn (2003, 2008). Of these, all were Americans except for Daniel Day-Lewis. Tracy and Hanks were the only actors to win their awards in consecutive years. Sony VAIO VGN-AW41XH Battery
Furthermore, Tracy and Hanks were the same age at the time they received their Academy Awards: 37 for the first and 38 for the second.
The periods between wins by the two-time winners are Spencer Tracy and Tom Hanks (1 year), Sean Penn (5 years), Dustin Hoffman (9 years), Sony VAIO VGN-AW41XH/Q Battery
Gary Cooper (11 years), Fredric March (14 years), Marlon Brando (18 years), Daniel Day-Lewis (18 years), and Jack Nicholson (22 years).
The actors with the most nominations in this category are Spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier, with nine each. Sony VAIO VGN-AW41ZF Battery
Paul Newman, Jack Nicholson, and Peter O'Toole tie for third place with eight nominations each. Nicholson won his awards a record 22 years apart. O'Toole holds the record for the longest time span between his first and last nominations (44 years), Sony VAIO VGN-AW41ZF/B Battery
and he also holds the record for the greatest number of nominations without ever winning the award (eight).
Six actors have won both the Best Actor and the Best Supporting Actor awards: Jack Lemmon, Sony VAIO VGN-AW50DB/H Battery
Robert De Niro, Jack Nicholson, Gene Hackman, Kevin Spacey, andDenzel Washington.
Two actors have won an Academy Award (Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor) for portraying the same character, Sony VAIO VGN-AW51JGB Battery
that of Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather andThe Godfather Part II, respectively. The actors were Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro.
There has been only one announced tie in the history of this category. In 1932, Fredric March received one more vote than Wallace Beery. Sony VAIO VGN-AW52JGB Battery
Academy rules at that time considered such a close margin to be a tie, so both March and Beery received the award. Under current Academy rules, however, dual awards are given only for exact ties. While that has never happened for the Best Actor award, Sony VAIO VGN-AW53FB Battery
it did happen for the Best Actress award in 1968 when Katharine Hepburn and Barbra Streisand both won, Hepburn for her role as Eleanor of Aquitane in The Lion in Winter and Streisand for her portrayal of Fanny Brice in Funny Girl. It was the second consecutive Oscar for Hepburn, Sony VAIO VGN-AW70B/Q Battery
who had won the award solo in 1967 for her star turn opposite Spencer Tracy in Guess Who's Coming To Dinner.
Peter Finch is the only posthumous winner of the Best Actor award, though he was alive when his nomination was announced Sony VAIO VGN-AW71JB Battery
(the only other posthumous winner in any acting category was another Australian, Heath Ledger, who won the Best Supporting Actor award in 2009). The only posthumously nominated performers in this category were James Dean, Spencer Tracy, and Massimo Troisi. Sony VAIO VGN-AW72JB Battery
James Dean is the only actor to be posthumously nominated twice for this category.
Three actors have been nominated for Best Actor more than once for the same character: Bing Crosby as Father O'Malley in Going My Way and The Bells of St. Mary's; Sony VAIO VGN-AW73FB Battery
Peter O'Toole as King Henry II in Becket and The Lion in Winter; and Paul Newman as "Fast Eddie" Felson in The Hustler and The Color of Money. (Al Pacino was nominated in 1975 for a role for which he had previously been nominated for Best Supporting Actor, Michael Corleone, in The Godfather Part II.) Sony VAIO VGN-AW80NS Battery
Michael Douglas (1988, Wall Street) and Laurence Olivier (1949, Hamlet) are the only two actors to win the Academy Award for Best Actor and Best Picture (Douglas as a producer of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest in 1976, and Olivier as producer of Hamlet). Sony VAIO VGN-AW80S Battery
Olivier is also the only actor to win for acting and producing in the same year. Other Oscar nominees for Best Actor and Best Picture are: Clint Eastwood (acting nominations for Unforgiven, 1993, and Million Dollar Baby, 2005, winner for both in the Best Picture category); Sony VAIO VGN-AW80US Battery
Kevin Costner, Best Actor nominee for Dances with Wolves and winning producer for the same film, in 1991; Paul Newman, Best Actor winner for The Color of Money and a Best Picture nominee for Rachel, Rachel in 1969; John Wayne, Best Actor winner forTrue Grit and a Best Picture nominee for The Alamo in 1961;
Sony VAIO VGN-AW81DS Battery
Robert Redford, Best Actor nominee for The Sting and Best Picture nominee for Quiz Show; and Henry Fonda, Best Actor winner for On Golden Pond and a Best Picture nominee for 12 Angry Men in 1958. Sony VAIO VGN-AW81JS Battery
Warren Beatty has received Best Actor and Best Picture nominations for Bonnie and Clyde, Heaven Can Wait, Reds, and Bugsy, with no wins in either category.
Barry Fitzgerald is the only actor to be nominated for both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same character in the same year (as Father Fitzgibbon for Going My Way). Sony VAIO VGN-AW81YS Battery
The rules were later changed to prevent a recurrence of this.
Four African-American actors have won the award: Sidney Poitier, Denzel Washington, Jamie Foxx and Forest Whitaker. Sony VAIO VGN-AW82DS Battery
Several pairs of actors have been nominated for playing the same character or historical figure: Fredric March and James Mason as Norman Maine in 1937's A Star Is Born and the 1954 version, Robert Donat and Peter O'Toole as Chipping in 1939's Goodbye, Sony VAIO VGN-AW82JS Battery
Mr. Chips and the 1969 version, Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branaghas Henry V in 1944's Henry V and the 1989 version (both of which were directed by their stars), Charles Laughton and Richard Burton as Henry VIII in The Private Life of Henry VIII and Anne of the Thousand Days, Sony VAIO VGN-AW82YS Battery
Leslie Howard and Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion and My Fair Lady, José Ferrer andGérard Depardieu as Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950's Cyrano de Bergerac and the 1990 version, Robert Montgomery and Warren Beatty as Joe Pendleton in Here Comes Mr. Jordan and Heaven Can Wait, Sony VAIO VGN-AW83FS Battery
Anthony Hopkins and Frank Langella as Richard Nixon in Nixon and Frost/Nixon, and John Wayne and Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn in the 1969's True Grit and 2010 version. Robert De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for playing Vito Corleone in The Godfather Part II, Sony VAIO VGN-AW83GS Battery
the role for which Marlon Brando had previously won Best Actor.
Laurence Olivier is the only actor to have won an Oscar for a Shakespearean performance: Best Actor for Hamlet (1948). Olivier also received an Academy Honorary Award for Henry V (1944). Sony VAIO VGN-AW83HS Battery
Robert Downey, Jr. is the only actor nominated for playing a previous nominee, Charlie Chaplin, in Chaplin. As of 2012, the only other actor to have been nominated for playing a previous nominee is Kenneth Branagh for portraying Laurence Olivier in My Week with Marilyn, Sony VAIO VGN-AW90NS Battery
though Branagh was nominated in the Supporting Actor category.
Jeff Bridges is one of the oldest actors ever to win an Academy Award; he was also one of the youngest actors ever to be nominated. In 2010, he won his Oscar for Crazy Heart at the age of 60; in 1972, he was nominated for The Last Picture Show at age 22. Sony VAIO VGN-AW90S Battery
Two actors directed their own Oscar-winning performances: Laurence Olivier in Hamlet and Roberto Benigni in Life Is Beautiful. To date, however, no individual has won both Best Actor and Best Director.
Two winners have declined the award: George C. Scott, Sony VAIO VGN-AW90US Battery
who won for Patton in 1971 (he had also declined his 1962 nomination for Best Supporting Actor for The Hustler); and Marlon Brando, upon winning his second Oscar for The Godfather in 1973.
A few early winning and nominated performances have subsequently been lost, Sony VAIO VGN-AW91CDS Battery
including Emil Jannings in The Way of All Flesh (1928), Lewis Stone in The Patriot(1928), and Lawrence Tibbett in The Rogue Song (1930), of which only a short fragment and the soundtrack survives.
The earliest nominee in this category who is still alive is Mickey Rooney (1939), followed by Kirk Douglas (1949). Sony VAIO VGN-AW91CJS Battery
The earliest winner in this category who is still alive is Ernest Borgnine (1955), followed by Maximilian Schell (1961)—both won over Spencer Tracy The few remaining living nominees from the 1940s–50s Hollywood era include Kirk Douglas (3 nominations). Sony VAIO VGN-AW91CYS Battery
Sidney Poitier also received his first nomination in 1958. Ernest Borgnine is the oldest Best Actor still alive, as well as the only best actor winner to have ever reached the age of 90. He is also one of the oldest actors who still works in Hollywood. Sony VAIO VGN-AW91DS Battery
The earliest Oscars where all 5 Best Actor nominees are still alive is the 56th Academy Awards (1983), while the most recent where all 5 have died is the 38th Academy Awards (1965).
As of 2011 the earliest Oscars where all 4 acting winners are alive is the 34th Academy Awards (1961), Sony VAIO VGN-AW91JS Battery
while the most recent where all 4 have died is the 54th Academy Awards (1981).
The earliest Oscars where both lead acting winning are alive is at the 34th Academy Awards. The most recent where both have died is at the 54th Academy Awards Sony VAIO VGN-AW91YS Battery
The earliest Oscars where all 20 acting nominations are alive is at the 56th Academy Awards (1983), the most recent all 20 have died is at the 15th Academy Awards (1942).
Life expectancy of winners
In 2001 Donald A. Redelmeier, MD, and Sheldon M. Singh, BSc published a study in the Annals of Internal Medicine in which they found: Sony VAIO VGN-AW92CDS Battery
"Winning an Academy Award was associated with a large gain in life expectancy for actors and actresses...Winning an Academy Award can increase a performer’s stature and may add to their longevity. The absolute difference in life expectancy is about equal to the societal consequence of curing all cancers in all people for all time (22, 23). Sony VAIO VGN-AW92CJS Battery
Moreover, film stars who have won multiple Academy Awards have a survival advantage of 6.0 years (CI, 0.7 to 11.3 years) over performers with multiple films but no victories. Formal education is not the only way to improve health, and strictpoverty is not the only way to worsen health. Sony VAIO VGN-AW92CYS Battery
The main implication is that higher status may be linked to lower mortality rates even at very impressive levels of achievement."
The aforementioned authors did an update to 29 March 2006 in which they found 122 more individuals and 144 more deaths since their first publication. Sony VAIO VGN-AW92DS Battery
Their unadjusted analysis showed a smaller survival advantage of 3.6 years for winners compared to their fellow nominees and costars in the films in which their performance garnered them their award.[2] However, in a 2006 published study by Marie-Pierre Sylvestre, MSc, Ella Huszti, MSc, and James A. Hanley, PhD, the authors found: Sony VAIO VGN-AW92JS Battery
"The statistical method used to derive this statistically significant difference gave winners an unfair advantage because it credited an Oscar winner's years of life before winning toward survival subsequent to winning. When the authors of the current article reanalyzed the data using methods that avoided this "immortal time" bias, Sony VAIO VGN-AW92YS Battery
the survival advantage was closer to 1 year and was not statistically significant. The bias in Redelmeier and Singh's study is not limited to longevity comparisons of persons who reach different ranks within their profession."
Winners and nominees
Following the Academy's practice, the films below are listed by year of their Los Angeles qualifying run, Sony VAIO VGN-AW93FS Battery
which is usually (but not always) the film's year of release. Winners are listed first in bold, followed by the other nominees.
For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. For example, the 2nd Academy Awards presented on April 3, 1930, Sony VAIO VGN-AW93GS Battery
recognized films that were released between August 1, 1928 and July 31, 1929. Starting with the 7th Academy Awards, held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31.
Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. (May 23, 1883 – December 12, 1939) was an American actor, screenwriter, director and producer.[1] Sony VAIO VGN-AW93HS Battery
He was best known for his swashbuckling roles in silent films such as The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood, andThe Mark of Zorro.
An astute businessman, Fairbanks was a founding member of United Artists. Sony VAIO VGN-AW93ZFS Battery
Fairbanks was also a founding member of The Motion Picture Academy and hosted the first Oscars Ceremony in 1929. With his marriage to Mary Pickford in 1920, the couple became Hollywood royalty and Fairbanks was referred to as "The King of Hollywood",[2] a nickname later passed on to actor Clark Gable. Sony VAIO VGN-AW93ZGS Battery
His career rapidly declined with the advent of the "talkies".
Fairbanks was born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman (spelled "Ulman" by Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. in his memoirs) in Denver,Colorado, the son of H. Charles Ullman (born September 15, 1833) and Ella Adelaide Marsh (born 1847). Sony VAIO VGN-AW93ZHS Battery
He had a half-brother, John Fairbanks, Jr. (born 1873), and a full brother, Robert Payne Ullman (March 13, 1882 – February 22, 1948).
Douglas Fairbanks' father, Hezekiah Charles Ullman (1833–1915), was born in Berrysburg, Pennsylvania. but raised inWilliamsport. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ11EN Battery
He was the fourth child in a relatively well-to-do Jewish family of six sons and four daughters. Charles' parents, Lazarus Ullman and Lydia Abrahams, had immigrated to the U.S. in 1830 from Baden Germany. When he was 17, Charles started a small publishing business in Philadelphia. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ11MN Battery
Two years later he left for New York to study law. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1856 and began building a substantial practice. At the onset of the Civil War, Charles joined the Union forces. He engaged in several battles, was wounded, and later became a captain of the 5th Pennsylvania Reserves. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ11XN Battery
Charles left the service in 1864 and returned to his law practice. Subsequently he founded the U.S. Law Association, a forerunner of the American Bar Association.
Charles met Ella Adelaide Marsh (1847–1915) after she married his friend and client John Fairbanks, a wealthy New Orleans sugar mill and plantation owner. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ12VN Battery
The Fairbankses had a son, John, and shortly thereafter John Senior died of tuberculosis. Ella, born into a wealthy southern Catholic family, was overprotected and knew little of her husband's business. Consequently, she was swindled out of her fortune by her husband's partners. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ12XN Battery
Even the efforts of Charles Ullman, acting on her behalf, failed to regain any of the family fortune for her. Distraught and lonely, she met and married a courtly Georgian, Edward Wilcox, who turned out to be an alcoholic. After they had a son, Norris, she divorced Wilcox, and Charles acted as her lawyer in the suit. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ31VT Battery
The pretty southern belle soon became romantically involved with Charles and agreed to move to Denver with him to pursue mining investments. They arrived in Denver in 1881 with her son, John. (Norris was left in Georgia with relatives and was never sent for by his mother.) Sony VAIO VGN-BZ31XT Battery
They were married and had a child, Robert, in 1882, and then a second son, Douglas, a year later. Charles purchased several mining interests in the Rocky Mountains and he re-established his law practice. Charles Ullman abandoned the family when Douglas was five years old, Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560 Battery
however, and he and his older brother Robert were brought up by their mother, who gave them the family name Fairbanks, after her first husband.
Early career
Douglas Fairbanks began acting on the Denver stage at an early age, doing amateur theatre. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560N24 Battery
He was in summer stock at the Elitch Gardens Theatre, becoming a sensation in his teens. He attended Denver East High School, and was once expelled for dressing up the campus statues on St. Patrick's Day. He left during his senior year. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560N30 Battery
He said he attended Colorado School of Mines for a term but no record of attendance has been found. An article on the matter recounts a professor once saying Fairbanks was asked to leave because of a prank not long after he began. It is also claimed he attended Harvard University. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560P Battery
Fairbanks moved to New York in the early 1900s to pursue an acting career, joining the acting troupe of British actor Frederick Warde who had discovered Fairbanks performing in Denver. He worked in a hardware store and as a clerk in a Wall Street office before his Broadway debut in 1902. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560P20 Battery
On July 11, 1907 in Watch Hill, Rhode Island, he married Anna Beth Sully, the daughter of wealthy industrialist, Daniel J. Sully. They had one son, Douglas Elton Fairbanks, who later became known as actor "Douglas Fairbanks Jr.". The family moved to Hollywood, California in 1915. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560P22 Battery
Hollywood
Fairbanks signed a contract with Triangle Pictures in 1915 and began working under the supervision of D.W. Griffith. His first film was titled The Lamb, and in the film, he debuted his remarkable athletic abilities that would gain wide attention among theatre audiences. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560P28 Battery
His athleticism was not appreciated by Griffith, however, and he was brought to the attention of Anita Loos andJohn Emerson, who wrote and directed many of his early romantic comedies. In 1916, Fairbanks established his own company, the Douglas Fairbanks Film Corporation,[4] and would soon get a job at Paramount.[4] Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560P30 Battery
By 1918, Fairbanks was Hollywood's most popular actor;[5] within eighteen months of his arrival, Fairbanks' popularity and business acumen raised him up to be the third highest paid.
Fairbanks met actress Mary Pickford at a party in 1916 and they began an affair. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ560P34 Battery
In 1917, the couple joined Fairbanks' friend Charlie Chaplin[3] sellingwar bonds by train across the U.S. Pickford and Chaplin were then the two highest paid film stars in Hollywood. To curtail these stars' astronomical salaries, the large studios attempted to monopolise distributors and exhibitors. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ561 Battery
Sully was granted a divorce from Fairbanks in late 1918, the judgement being finalized in early 1919.
To avoid being controlled by the studios and to protect their independence, Fairbanks, Pickford, Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith formed United Artists in 1919, Sony VAIO VGN-BZ561N20 Battery
which created their own distributorships and gave them complete artistic control over their films and the profits generated. The company was kept solvent in the years immediately after its formation largely from the success of Fairbanks' films. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ561P20 Battery
Fairbanks was determined to have Pickford become his wife, but she was still married to actor Owen Moore. He finally gave her an ultimatum. She then obtained a fast divorce in the small Nevada town of Minden on March 2, 1920. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ562P Battery
Fairbanks leased theBeverly Hills mansion Grayhall and was rumoured to have used it during his courtship of Pickford.
The couple married on March 28, 1920. Pickford's divorce from Moore was contested by Nevada legislators, however, and the dispute was not settled until 1922. Sony VAIO VGN-BZ563P Battery
Even though the lawmakers objected to the marriage, the public went wild over the idea of "Everybody's Hero" marrying "America's Sweetheart." They were greeted by large crowds in London and Paris during their European honeymoon, becoming Hollywood's first celebrity couple. Sony VAIO VGN-BZAAFS Battery
During the years they were married, Fairbanks and Pickford were regarded as "Hollywood Royalty," famous for entertaining at their Beverly Hills estate, Pickfair.
By 1920, Fairbanks had completed twenty-nine films (twenty-eight features and one two-reel short), Sony VAIO VGN-BZAAHS Battery
which showcased his ebullient screen persona and athletic ability. By 1920, he had the inspiration of staging a new type of adventure-costume picture, a genre that was then out of favor with the public; Fairbanks had been a comic in his previous films.[2] Sony VAIO VGN-BZAANS Battery
In The Mark of Zorro, Fairbanks combined his appealing screen persona with the new adventurous costume element. It was a smash success and parlayed the actor into the rank of superstar. For the remainder of his career in silent films he continued to produce and star in ever more elaborate, Sony VAIO VGN-BZAAPS Battery
impressive costume films, such as The Three Musketeers (1921), Douglas Fairbanks as Robin Hood (1922), The Thief of Bagdad (1924), The Black Pirate (1926, the first full-length Technicolor film), and The Gaucho (1927). ony VAIO VGN-CR11H/B Battery
Fairbanks spared no expense and effort in these films, which established the standard for all future swashbuckling films.
In 1921, he, Pickford, Chaplin, and others, helped to organize the Motion Picture Fund to assist those in the industry who could not work, or were unable to meet their bills. Sony VAIO VGN-CR11S/L Battery
During the first ceremony of its type, on April 30, 1927, Fairbanks and Pickford placed their hand and foot prints in wet cement at the newly opened Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Fairbanks was elected first President of the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and Sciences that same year, Sony VAIO VGN-CR11S/P Battery
and he presented the first Academy Awards at the Roosevelt Hotel. Today, Fairbanks also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7020 Hollywood Boulevard.
While Fairbanks had flourished in the silent genre, the restrictions of early sound films dulled his enthusiasm for film-making. Sony VAIO VGN-CR11S/W Battery
(Also, his athletic abilities and general health began to decline, in part due to years of heavy chain-smoking.) On 29 March, 1929, at Pickford's bungalow, United Artists brought together Pickford, Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, Sony VAIO VGN-CR11Z/R Battery
Gloria Swanson, John Barrymore, D.W. Griffith and Dolores del Rio to speak on the radio show The Dodge Brothers Hour to prove Fairbanks could meet the challenge of talking movies. [6]
Fairbanks' last silent film was the lavish The Iron Mask (1929), a sequel to 1921's The Three Musketeers. Sony VAIO VGN-CR120E/L Battery
The Iron Mask included an introductory prologue spoken by Fairbanks. He and Pickford chose to make their first talkie as a joint venture, playing Petruchio and Kate in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew (1929). This film, Sony VAIO VGN-CR120E/P Battery
and his subsequent sound films, were poorly received by Depression era audiences. The last film he acted in was the British production The Private Life of Don Juan (1934), after which he retired from acting.
Final years
Fairbanks and Pickford separated in 1933, after he began an affair with Sylvia, Sony VAIO VGN-CR120E/R Battery
Lady Ashley. They divorced in 1936, with Pickford keeping the Pickfair estate. Within months Fairbanks and Ashley were married in Paris.
He continued to be marginally involved in the film industry and United Artists, but his later years lacked the intense focus of his film years. Sony VAIO VGN-CR120E/W Battery
His health continued to decline, and in his final years he lived at 705 Ocean Front (now Pacific Coast Highway) in Santa Monica, California, although much of his time was spent traveling abroad with Sylvia.
In December 1939, at 56, Fairbanks had a heart attack in his sleep and died a day later at his home in Santa Monica. Sony VAIO VGN-CR125E/B Battery
By some accounts, he had been obsessively working out against medical advice, trying to regain his once-trim waistline. Fairbanks's famous last words were, "I've never felt better."His funeral service was held at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather Church in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery Sony VAIO VGN-CR13/B Battery
where he was placed in a crypt in the Great Mausoleum. He was deeply mourned and honored by his colleagues and fans for his contributions to the film industry and Hollywood.
Two years following his death, he was removed from Forest Lawn by his widow, Sony VAIO VGN-CR13/L Battery
who commissioned an elaborate marble monument for him featuring a long rectangular reflecting pool, raised tomb, and classic Greek architecture in Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles. The monument was dedicated in a ceremony held in October 1941, with Fairbanks' close friend Charles Chaplin reading a remembrance. Sony VAIO VGN-CR13/P Battery
The remains of his son, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., were also interred here upon his death in 2000.
Legacy
In 1998, a group of Fairbanks fans started the Douglas Fairbanks Museum in Austin, Texas. The museum building was temporarily closed for mold remediation and repairs in February 2010.[8] Sony VAIO VGN-CR13/R Battery
Plans and fundraising efforts are underway to re-open the museum to the public. In the meantime an online virtual museum project makes parts of the collections and past exhibits available for viewing on the museum's website.[9]
In 2002, AMPAS opened the "Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study" located at 333 S. Sony VAIO VGN-CR13/W Battery
La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. The building houses the Margaret Herrick Library.[10]
On January 24, 2009, AMPAS opened an exhibition at their Fourth Floor Gallery dedicated to Fairbanks titled, "Douglas Fairbanks: The First King of Hollywood." Sony VAIO VGN-CR131E/L Battery
The exhibit featured costumes, props, pictures, and documents from his career and personal life. The exhibit ran until April 2009.[11] In addition to the exhibit, AMPAS screened Thief of Bagdad and The Iron Mask in March 2009. Recently, due to his involvement with the USC Fencing Club, Sony VAIO VGN-CR13G Battery
a bronze statue of Fairbanks was erected in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences Courtyard of the new School of Cinematic Arts building on the University of Southern California campus. Fairbanks was a key figure in the film school's founding in 1929, and in its curriculum development. Sony VAIO VGN-CR13G/B Battery
The 2011 film The Artist was loosely based on Fairbanks, with the film's lead portraying Zorro in a silent movie featuring a scene from the Fairbanks version. While thanking the audience in 2012 for a Golden Globe award as Best Actor for his performance in the film, actor Jean Dujardin added, Sony VAIO VGN-CR13G/L Battery
"As Douglas Fairbanks would say," then moved his lips silently as a comedic homage. When Dujardin accepted the 2012 Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Fairbanks was cited at length as the main inspiration for Dujardin's performance in The Artist. Sony VAIO VGN-CR13G/P Battery
The Academy Award for Best Directing (Best Director), usually known as the Best Director Oscar, is one of theAwards of Merit presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to directors working in the motion picture industry. Sony VAIO VGN-CR13G/R Battery
While nominations for Best Director are made by members in the Academy's Directing branch, the award winners are selected by the Academy membership as a whole.
Throughout the past 83 years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, Sony VAIO VGN-CR13G/W Battery
AMPAS has presented a total of 85 Best Director awards to 65 different directors. At the1st Academy Awards (1927/1928), there were two directing awards—one for "Dramatic Direction" and one for "Comedy Direction". The Comedy Direction award was eliminated the next year and, Sony VAIO VGN-CR13T/L Battery
indeed, the awards have overwhelmingly favored dramatic films ever since. At both the 34th Academy Awards (1961) and the 80th Academy Awards (2007), Best Director was presented to a co-directing team, rather than to an individual director.
The earliest years of the award were marked by inconsistency and confusion. Sony VAIO VGN-CR13T/P Battery
In the Academy Awards' first year, actors and others such as cinematographers were nominated for all of their films produced during the qualifying period. However, since the directing award was for "directing" rather than "best director", Sony VAIO VGN-CR13T/R Battery
it honored the director in association with only a single film—thus Janet Gaynor has two Frank Borzage films listed after her Best Actress nomination, but only one of them earned Borzage a directing nomination. The second year, the directing award followed the others in listing all of a director's work during the qualifying period, Sony VAIO VGN-CR13T/W Battery
resulting in Frank Lloyd being nominated for three of his films—but, even more confusingly, only one of them was listed on the final award as the film for which he won. Finally, for the 1931 awards, this confusing system was replaced by the current system in which a director is nominated for a single film. Sony VAIO VGN-CR15/B Battery
The Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 85 films that have been awarded Best Picture, 62 have also been awarded Best Director. Only three films have won Best Picture without their directors being nominated Sony VAIO VGN-CR150E/B Battery
(though only one since the early 1930s): Wings (1927/28), Grand Hotel (1931/32), and Driving Miss Daisy (1989). The only two Best Director winners to win for films which did not receive a Best Picture nomination are likewise in the early years: Lewis Milestone (1927/28) and Frank Lloyd (1928/29). Sony VAIO VGN-CR190 Battery
Due to strict rules declared by the Directors Guild of America (DGA), only one individual may claim screen credit as a film's director. (This rule is designed to prevent rights and ownership issues and to eliminate lobbying for director credit by producers and actors.) Sony VAIO VGN-CR190E/L Battery
However, the DGA may create an exception to this "one director per film" rule if two co-directors seeking to share director credit for a film qualify as an "established duo". In the history of the Academy Awards, established duos have been nominated for Best Director only four times: Sony VAIO VGN-CR190E/P Battery
Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins (who won for West Side Story in 1961); Warren Beatty and Buck Henry (who were nominated for Heaven Can Wait in 1978), and Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (who won for No Country for Old Men in 2007 and were nominated again in 2010 for True Grit). Sony VAIO VGN-CR190E/R Battery
Superlatives
The youngest winner was Norman Taurog who was 32 years old when he won in 1931 for Skippy. The oldest winner is Clint Eastwood who was 74 years old when he won in 2005 for Million Dollar Baby. Sony VAIO VGN-CR190E/W Battery
The youngest nominee is John Singleton who was 24 years old when he was nominated in 1992 for Boyz N the Hood. The oldest nominee was John Huston who was 79 years old when he was nominated in 1986 for Prizzi's Honor. Sony VAIO VGN-CR19VN/B Battery
Eight people have been nominated for both Best Director and Best Actor for the same film. Warren Beatty did so twice (Heaven Can Wait and Reds), as did Clint Eastwood (Unforgiven and Million Dollar Baby). The other six included: Orson Welles (Citizen Kane), Laurence Olivier (Hamlet), Sony VAIO VGN-CR19XN/B Battery
Woody Allen (Annie Hall), Kenneth Branagh (Henry V), Kevin Costner (Dances with Wolves), and Roberto Benigni (Life Is Beautiful). No one has ever won both awards. Four won Best Director, but not Best Actor: Allen, Beatty (for Reds), Costner, and Eastwood (on both occasions). Sony VAIO VGN-CR20 Battery
Two won Best Actor, but not Best Director: Benigni and Olivier. Finally, three lost both nominations: Beatty (for Heaven Can Wait), Branagh, and Welles (though he did win a Screenplay Oscar for Citizen Kane).
The only siblings to both be nominated are Joel and Ethan Coen, Sony VAIO VGN-CR21/B Battery
who shared nominations for No Country for Old Men (2007) and True Grit (2010). Previously, only Joel was nominated, for Fargo, in 1997. The only parent-child pair to be nominated are Francis Ford and Sofia Coppola.
Two pairs of previously married couples were nominated. Sony VAIO VGN-CR21E/L Battery
Winners Kathryn Bigelow (who won in 2010) and James Cameron (who won in 1998) were previously married from 1989 to 1991. Both were nominated in 2010, the year in which Bigelow won. Another pair that have each been nominated are Sofia Coppola (nominated in 2004) and Spike Jonze, though neither won. Sony VAIO VGN-CR21E/P Battery
They divorced in 2003.No Best Director winning film is lost, though the nominee The Patriot is lost and nominee Sorrell and Son is incomplete. Drag (one of the films for which Frank Lloyd was nominated but did not win in 1929) has long been presumed lost, though there are rumors of its survival, Sony VAIO VGN-CR21E/W Battery
possibly only on videotape, and the Vitaphone discs of its soundtrack survive. The Comedy Direction winner, Two Arabian Knights, was believed lost for many years but was preserved in the Howard Hughes archive and has been broadcast (along with another first-year nominee produced by Hughes and believed lost, The Racket) on Turner Classic Movies. Sony VAIO VGN-CR21S/L Battery
John Ford has won the most Best Director Oscars - four awards, followed by Frank Capra and William Wyler, with three apiece. Wyler has the most nominations with twelve.
Robert Altman, Clarence Brown, Alfred Hitchcock and King Vidor each have five nominations without a win. Sony VAIO VGN-CR21S/P Battery
Brown was nominated for two films in 1930 but according to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, "As allowed by the award rules for this year, a single nomination could honor work in one or more films." Altman and Vidor received honorary Oscars however, and Hitchcock received the Irving G. Sony VAIO VGN-CR21S/W Battery
Thalberg Memorial Award. Martin Scorsese was also nominated five times without winning before receiving the award for his sixth nomination. Peter Weir has the record for the most nominations yet to win best Director for someone still alive, 4 nominations. Sony VAIO VGN-CR21Z/N Battery
Only two directors have received consecutive Best Director awards: John Ford for 1940's The Grapes of Wrath and 1941's How Green Was My Valley, and Joseph L. Mankiewicz for 1949's A Letter to Three Wives and 1950's All About Eve.
Sony VAIO VGN-CR21Z/R Battery
Only one person has won the award without directing another film before or after winning: Jerome Robbins (who shared the award with co-director Robert Wise, forWest Side Story).
No African-American has ever won best director, and only two have ever been nominated: Sony VAIO VGN-CR220E/R Battery
John Singleton for 1991's Boyz n the Hood and Lee Daniels for 2009'sPrecious: Based on the Novel "Push" by Sapphire.
Ang Lee is the only Asian (and non-Caucasian) to have won the prize, for 2005's Brokeback Mountain. Sony VAIO VGN-CR23/B Battery
Other Asian nominees are Hiroshi Teshigahara for Woman of the Dunes, Akira Kurosawa for Ran, and M. Night Shyamalan for The Sixth Sense.
Kathryn Bigelow, with 2009's The Hurt Locker, is the only woman to have ever won Best Director. Sony VAIO VGN-CR23/L Battery
Other female nominees are Lina Wertmüller for 1976's Seven Beauties, Jane Campion for 1993's The Piano and Sofia Coppola for 2003's Lost in Translation.[1]
The earliest nominee still alive is Michael Anderson, nominated in 1957, who is also the oldest still alive, born in 1920. Sony VAIO VGN-CR23/N Battery
Currently the oldest winner alive isRichard Attenborough, who was born in 1923. The earliest winner alive is Mike Nichols, who won in 1968, making him the only pre-1970s best director winner left. (Robert Wise who won twice in the 1960s died in 2005.) Sony VAIO VGN-CR23/P Battery
The last 1950s winner of Best Director to die was Delbert Mann (won 1956, died 2007).
The earliest Oscars where all 5 Best Director nominations are still alive is at the 53rd Academy Awards, while the most recent where all 5 have died is at the38th Academy Awards. Sony VAIO VGN-CR23/R Battery
The Academy Awards are the oldest awards ceremony for achievements in motion pictures. The Academy Award for Best Art Direction recognizes achievement in art direction on a film. The films below are listed with their production year, so the Oscar 2000 for best art direction went to a film from 1999. Sony VAIO VGN-CR23/W Battery
In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees.
The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is an Academy Award awarded each year to a cinematographer for work in one particular motion picture. Sony VAIO VGN-CR240E/B Battery
In its first film season, 1927–28, this award (like others such as the acting awards) was not tied to a specific film; all of the work by the nominated cinematographers during the qualifying period was listed after their names. The problem with this system became obvious the first year, Sony VAIO VGN-CR240N/B Battery
since Karl Struss and Charles Rosher were nominated for their work together on Sunrise but three other films shot individually by either Rosher or Struss were also listed as part of the nomination. The second year, 1929, there were no nominations at all, Sony VAIO VGN-CR25G/N Battery
although the Academy has a list of unofficial titles which were under consideration by the Board of Judges. In the third year, 1930, films, not cinematographers, were nominated, and the final award did not show the cinematographer's name. Sony VAIO VGN-CR290EAL Battery
Finally, for the 1931 awards, the modern system in which individuals are nominated for a single film each was adopted in all profession-related categories. From 1939 to 1967 (with the single exception of 1957), there were also separate awards for color and for black-and-white cinematography. Sony VAIO VGN-CR290EAN Battery
Since then, the only black-and-white film to win is Schindler's List (1993).
Floyd Crosby won the award for Tabu in 1931, which was the last silent film to win in this category. Hal Mohr won the only write-in Academy Award ever, in 1935 for A Midsummer Night's Dream. Sony VAIO VGN-CR290EAP Battery
Mohr was also the first person to win for both black-and-white and color cinematography.
No winners are lost, although some of the earliest nominees (and of the unofficial nominees of 1928-29) are lost, Sony VAIO VGN-CR290EAR Battery
including The Devil Dancer (1927), The Magic Flame (1927), and Four Devils (1928). The Right To Love (1930) is incomplete, and Sadie Thompson (1927) is incomplete and partially reconstructed with stills. Sony VAIO VGN-CR290EAW Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-CR29XN/B Battery,Sony VAIO VGN-CR305E/RC Battery
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