Honolulu

Honolulu /hoʊnoʊˈluːluː/ is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii.^a[›] Honolulu is the southernmost major U.S. city. Although the name "Honolulu" refers to the urban area on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu, the city and county government are consolidated as Honolulu County which covers the entire island. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/R Battery

For statistical purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes the urban part of Honolulu as a census-designated place.^[4] Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the census-designated place was 337,256 at the 2010 census,^[5] while the population of the city and county was 953,207. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/W Battery

Honolulu is the most populous state capital relative to state population.

In the Hawaiian language, Honolulu means "sheltered bay" or "place of shelter". The old name is said to be Kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district.^[6] Sony VAIO VPCCW2S5C CN1 Battery

The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor near the city on December 7, 1941, and as the birthplace of Barack Obama, the 44th and current President of the United States.^[7] Sony VAIO VPCF112FX/B Battery

Honolulu has a massive skyline. As of April 2012, the city had a total of over 470 high rises, which is ranked 4th only behind New York City, Chicago and Los Angeles. Similarly to New York and Chicago, highrises are located in more than just the downtown area; neighboring and nearby districts including Ala Moana and Waikiki include large clusters of office, Sony VAIO VPCF115FG/B Battery

residential, and hotel high-rises, extending from Downtown, all the way to Diamond Head.

Evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century. Sony VAIO VPCF116FGBI Battery

However, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu.^[10] The capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. Sony VAIO VPCF117FJ/W Battery

In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor.^[11] More foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia.^[12]

In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom fromLahaina on Maui to Honolulu. Sony VAIO VPCF117HG/BI Battery

He and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital,^[13] erecting buildings such as St. Andrew's Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, with descendants of American missionaries establishing major businesses in downtown Honolulu.^[14] Sony VAIO VPCF118FJ/W Battery

Despite the turbulent history of the late 19th century and early 20th century, such as the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893, Hawaiʻi's subsequent annexation by the United States in 1898, followed by a large fire in 1900, and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Sony VAIO VPCF119FC Battery

Honolulu remained the capital, largest city, and main airport and seaport of the Hawaiian Islands.^[15]

An economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Sony VAIO VPCF119FC/BI Battery

Modern air travel brings, as of 2007, 7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, with 62.3% entering at Honolulu International Airport.^[16] Today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. Sony VAIO VPCF119FJ/BI Battery

The UK consulting firm Mercer, in a 2009 assessment "conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments", ranked Honolulu 29th worldwide in quality of living; the survey factored in political stability, personal freedom, sanitation, crime, housing, the natural environment, Sony VAIO VPCF11AFJ Battery

recreation, banking facilities, availability of consumer goods, education, and public services including transportation.^[17]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 68.4 square miles (177.2 km²). Sony VAIO VPCF11AGJ Battery

60.5 square miles (156.7 km²) of it is land, and 7.9 square miles (20.5 km²) of it (11.56%) is water.^[18]

The closest location on the mainland to Honolulu is the Point Arena, California Lighthouse, at 2,045 nautical miles (3,787 km).^[19] (Nautical vessels require some additional distance to circumnavigate Makapu'u Point.) Sony VAIO VPCF11AHJ Battery

However, part of theAleutian Islands of Alaska are slightly closer to Honolulu than the mainland.

Climate

Honolulu experiences a tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification As) with a mostly dry summer season. Honolulu has lots of sunshine most of the year. Sony VAIO VPCF11JFX/B Battery

Temperatures vary little throughout the months, with average high temperatures of 80–90 °F (27–32 °C) and lows of 65–75 °F (19–24 °C) throughout the year. Temperatures rarely exceed 95 °F (35 °C), with lows in the upper 40s °F (~15 °C) occurring once or twice a year. The highest recorded temperature was 95 degrees during a heat wave in September 1998. Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E Battery

The highest recorded temperature in the state was also recorded later that day in Ni'ihau. The lowest recorded temperature was 47 degrees in January 1932. Waters off the coast of Honolulu average 77 °F (27 °C) in the summer months and 72 °F (25 °C) in the winter months.^[20] Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H Battery

Annual average precipitation is 18.3 inches (460 mm), which mainly occurs during the winter months of October through early April, with very little rainfall during the summer. Honolulu has an average of 278 sunny days and 90 wet days per year. Although Honolulu is known to have a wet and dry season, it is unnoticeable. Sony VAIO VPCF11MFX/B Battery

This is mainly because light showers fall in the summer while heavier rain falls during the winter. Yet, both seasons experience the same amount of rainy days.

Although the city is situated at the tropics, hurricanes are quite rare. The last recorded hurricane that hit the city was Category 4 Hurricane Iniki in 1992. Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E Battery

Tornadoes are also uncommon and usually hit once every 15 years. Watersprouts off the coast are somewhat more common, hitting about once every five years.

Government

Peter Carlisle has served as the 13th mayor of Honolulu since October 11, 2010. Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B Battery

The municipal offices of the City and County of Honolulu, including Honolulu Hale, the seat of the city and county, are located in the census-designated place.^[24] The Hawaii state government buildings are also located in the CDP.

The Honolulu District is located on the southeast coast of Oahu between Makapuu and Halawa. Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E Battery

The district boundary follows the Koolau crestline, so Makapuu Beach is in the Koolaupoko District. On the west, the district boundary follows Halawa Stream, then crosses Red Hill and runs just west of Aliamanu Crater, so that Aloha Stadium, Pearl Harbor (with the USS Arizona Memorial), and Hickam Air Force Base are actually all located in the island's Ewa District. Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI Battery

The Hawaii Department of Public Safety operates the Oahu Community Correctional Center, the jail for the island of Oahu, in Honolulu CDP.^[25]

The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Honolulu CDP. The main Honolulu Post Office is located by the international airport at 3600 Aolele Street. Sony VAIO VPCF11ZHJ Battery

Federal Detention Center, Honolulu, operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, is in the CDP.^[27]

Diplomatic missions

Several countries have diplomatic facilities in Honolulu CDP in the City and County of Honolulu. Sony VAIO VPCF127HGBI Battery

They include consulates of Japan,^[28] South Korea,^[29]Philippines,^[30] Federated States of Micronesia,^[31] Australia,^[32] and the Marshall Islands.^[33]

Neighborhoods and districts

Downtown Honolulu is the financial, commercial, and governmental center of Hawaii. Sony VAIO VPCF137HG/BI Battery

On the waterfront is Aloha Tower, which for many years was the tallest building in Hawaii. Currently the tallest building is the 438-foot (134 m) tall First Hawaiian Center, located on King and Bishop Streets. The downtown campus of Hawaii Pacific University is also located there. Sony VAIO VPCS111FM/S Battery

The Arts District Honolulu in downtown/Chinatown is on the eastern edge of Chinatown. It is a 12-block area bounded by Bethel & Smith Streets and Nimitz Highway and Beretania Street – home to numerous arts and cultural institutions. It is located within the Chinatown Historic District, which includes the former Hotel Street Vice District.^[34] Sony VAIO VPCS115EC Battery

The Capitol District is the eastern part of Downtown Honolulu. It is the current and historic center of Hawaii's state government, incorporating the Hawaii State Capitol, Iolani Palace, Honolulu Hale (City Hall), State Library, and the statue of King Kamehameha I, along with numerous government buildings. Sony VAIO VPCS115FG Battery

Kakaʻako is a light-industrial district between Downtown and Waikīkī that has seen a large-scale redevelopment effort in the past decade. It is home to two major shopping areas, Ward Warehouse and Ward Centre. The John A. Burns School of Medicine, part of the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa is also located there. Sony VAIO VPCS117GG Battery

• A Memorial to the Ehime Maru Incident victims is built at Kakaako Waterfront Park.

Ala Moana is a district between Kakaʻako and Waikīkī and the home of Ala Moana Center, the "World's largest open air shopping center" and the largest shopping mall in Hawaii.^[35] Sony VAIO VPCS117GGB Battery

• Ala Moana Center boasts over 300 tenants and is a very popular location among tourists. Also in Ala Moana is the Honolulu Design Center and Ala Moana Beach Park, the second largest park in Honolulu.

Waikīkī is the tourist district of Honolulu, located between the Ala Wai Canal and the Pacific Ocean next to Diamond Head. Sony VAIO VPCS118EC Battery

Numerous hotels, shops, and nightlife opportunities are located along Kalakaua and Kuhio Avenues. It is a popular location for visitors and locals alike and attracts millions of visitors every year. A majority of the hotel rooms on Oahu are located in Waikīkī.Sony VAIO VPCS119FJ/B Battery

Manoa and Makiki are residential neighborhoods located in adjacent valleys just inland of downtown and Waikīkī. Manoa Valley is home to the main campus of the University of Hawaiʻi. Sony VAIO VPCS119GC Battery

• President Barack Obama lived in Makiki with his maternal grandparents until graduating from Punahou School, apart from four years in Indonesia with his mother and stepfather.

Nuʻuanu and Pauoa are upper-middle-class residential districts located inland of downtown Honolulu. Sony VAIO VPCS11AFJ Battery

• The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific is located in Punchbowl Crater fronting Pauoa Valley.

Palolo and Kaimuki are neighborhoods east of Manoa and Makiki, inland from Diamond Head. Palolo Valley parallels Manoa and is a residential neighborhood. Sony VAIO VPCS11AGJ Battery

• Kaimuki is primarily a residential neighborhood with a commercial strip centered on Waialae Avenue running behind Diamond Head. Chaminade University is located in Kaimuki.

Waialae and Kahala are upper-class districts of Honolulu located directly east of Diamond Head, where there are many high-priced homes. Sony VAIO VPCS11AHJ Battery

• Also found in these neighborhoods are the Waialae Country Club and the five-star Kahala Hotel & Resort.

East Honolulu includes the residential communities of ʻĀina Haina, Niu Valley, and Hawaiʻi Kai. Sony VAIO VPCS11AVJ Battery

• These are considered upper-middle-class neighborhoods. The upscale gated communities of Waiʻalae ʻiki and Hawaiʻi Loa Ridge are also located here.

Kalihi and Palama are working-class neighborhoods with a number of government housing developments. Lower Kalihi, toward the ocean, is a light-industrial district. Sony VAIO VPCS11J7E/B Battery

• Salt Lake and Aliamanu are (mostly) residential areas built in extinct tuff cones along the western end of the Honolulu District, not far from the Honolulu International Airport.

Moanalua is two neighborhoods and a valley at the western end of Honolulu, and home to Tripler Army Medical Center. Sony VAIO VPCS11M1E/W Battery

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Demographics

The population of the Urban Honolulu CDP was 337,256 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Of those, 166,500 (49.4%) were male and 170,756 (50.6%) were female. The median age for males was 40.0 and 43.0 for females; the overall median age was 41.3. Sony VAIO VPCS11V9E/B Battery

Approximately 84.7% of the total population was 16 years and over; 82.6% were 18 years and over, 78.8% were 21 years and over, 21.4% were 62 years and over, and 17.8% were 65 years and over.^[5]

In terms of race and ethnicity, 17.9% (60,409 residents) were White, Sony VAIO VPCS11X9E/B Battery

1.5% (4,974 residents) were Black or African American, 0.2% (743 residents) were American Indian or Alaska Native, 54.8% (184,950 residents) were Asian, 8.4% (28,260 residents) were Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.8% (2,840 residents) were from Some Other Race, and 16.3% (55,080 residents) were from Two or More Races. Sony VAIO VPCS123FGB Battery

Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 5.3% (20,883 residents) of the population.^[5] In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Honolulu's population as 33.9% white and 53.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.^[37]

Asian Americans represent the majority of Honolulu's population. Sony VAIO VPCS125EC Battery

Japanese Americans represent 19.9% (67,130) of the population; Filipino Americans represent 13.2% (44,573) of the population. Chinese American made up 10.4% of the population and numbered at 35,088 individuals. Native Hawaiians made up just 3.2% of the population and numbered at 10,847 individuals. Sony VAIO VPCS128EC Battery

There were 5,067 Samoan Americans who made up 1.5% of the population. People of Guamanian or Chamorro descent made up 0.2% of the population and numbered 841 residents.^[5] ]...end comment-->

Economy

The largest city and airport in the Hawaiian Islands, Sony VAIO VPCS129GC Battery

Honolulu acts as a natural gateway to the islands' large tourism industry, which brings millions of visitors and contributes $10 billion annually to the local economy.^[38] Honolulu's location in the Pacific also makes it a large business and trading hub, particularly between the East and the West. Sony VAIO VPCS12C7E/B Battery

Other important aspects of the city's economy include military defense, research and development, and manufacturing.

Go! Mokulele,^[39] Hawaiian Airlines,^[40] Island Air,^[41] and Aloha Air Cargo are headquartered in the CDP.^[ Sony VAIO VPCS12L9E/B Battery

 Prior to its dissolution, Aloha Airlines was headquartered in the CDP.^[44] At one time Mid-Pacific Airlines had its headquarters on the property of Honolulu International Airport.^[45]

Since the housing collapse, Honolulu has faced a decrease in its rent of about 3.4%, but has recently evened out. Sony VAIO VPCS12V9E/B Battery

This stands in relation with the national average of a 4% decrease in rent.^[46]

Since no national bank chains have any branches in Hawaii, many visitors and new residents use different banks. First Hawaiian Bank is the largest and oldest bank in Hawaii and their headquarters are at the First Hawaiian Center, the tallest building in the State of Hawaii. Sony VAIO VPCY115FGS Battery

Air

Located on the western end of the CDP, Honolulu International Airport (HNL) is the principal aviation gateway to the state of Hawaii. Kalaeloa Airport is primarily a commuter facility used by unscheduled air taxis, general aviation and transient and locally-based military aircraft. Sony VAIO VPCY115FX/BI Battery

Highways

Honolulu has the nation’s second highest metropolitan travel time during peak commute hours, second only to Los Angeles. The following freeways, part of the Interstate Highway System serve Honolulu: Sony VAIO VPCY115FXBI Battery

Interstate H-1, which, coming into the city from the west, passes Hickam Air Force Base and Honolulu International Airport, runs just north of Downtown and continues eastward through Makiki and Kaimuki, ending at Waialae/Kahala. Sony VAIO VPCY118EC Battery

• H-1 connects to Interstate H-2 from Wahiawa and Interstate H-3 from Kaneohe, west of the CDP.

Interstate H-201—also known as the Moanalua Freeway and sometimes numbered as its former number, Hawaii State Rte. 78—connects two points along H-1: at Aloha Stadium and Fort Shafter. Sony VAIO VPCY118GX/BI Battery

• Close to H-1 and Aloha Stadium, H-201 has an exchange with the western terminus of Interstate H-3 to the windward side of Oahu (Kaneohe). This complex of connecting ramps, some directly between H-1 and H-3, is in Halawa.

Other major highways that link Honolulu proper with other parts of the Island of Oahu are: Sony VAIO VPCY119FJ/S Battery

• Pali Highway, State Rte. 61, crosses north over the Koolau range via the Pali Tunnels to connect to Kailua and Kaneohe on the windward side of the Island.

Likelike Highway, State Rte. 63, also crosses the Koolau to Kaneohe via the Wilson Tunnels. Sony VAIO VPCY11AFJ Battery

• Kalanianaole Highway, State Rte. 72, runs eastward from Waialae/Kahala to Hawaii Kai and around the east end of the island to Waimanalo Beach.

Kamehameha Highway, State Rte. 99, runs westward from near Hickam Air Force Base to Aiea and beyond, eventually running through the center of the island and ending in Kaneohe. Sony VAIO VPCY11AGJ Battery

Like most major American cities, the Honolulu metropolitan area experiences heavy traffic congestion during rush hours, especially to and from the western suburbs of Kapolei, Ewa, Aiea, Pearl City, Waipahu, and Mililani.

There is a Hawaii Electric Vehicle Demonstration Project (HEVDP).^[47] Sony VAIO VPCY11AHJ Battery

Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation (HART)

In November 2010, voters approved a charter amendment to create a public transit authority to oversee the planning, construction, operation and future extensions to Honolulu's rail system (see below). Sony VAIO VPCY11AVJ Battery

Operations began on July 1, 2011. HART will have a 10-member board of directors that includes three members appointed by the mayor, three members selected by the Honolulu City Council, and the city and state transportation directors.^[48]

Established by former Mayor Frank F. Sony VAIO VPCY11M1E/S Battery

Fasi as the replacement for the Honolulu Rapid Transit Co. Ltd.(HRT), Honolulu's TheBus system has been twice honored by the American Public Transportation Association bestowing the title of "America's Best Transit System" for 1994–1995 and 2000–2001. TheBus operates 107 routes serving Honolulu and outlying areas on Oahu with a fleet of 531 buses, Sony VAIO VPCY11S1E Battery

and is run by the non-profit corporation Oahu Transit Services in conjunction with the city Department of Transportation Services. Honolulu is ranked 4th for highest per-capita use of mass transit in the United States.^[49] Sony VAIO VPCY11V9E/S Battery

Rail

Currently, there is no urban rail transit system in Honolulu, although electric street railways were operated in Honolulu by the Honolulu Rapid Transit Company Ltd. prior to World War II. Honolulu Ltd.'s predecessors were the Honolulu Rapid Transit and Land Company (began 1903) and Hawaiian Tramways (began 1888).^[50] Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/BI Battery

The City and County of Honolulu is currently constructing a 20-mile (32 km) transit line that will connect Honolulu with outlying suburban areas to the west of the city on the southwestern part of Oʻahu. Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/G Battery

The Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project is aimed at alleviating traffic congestion for Leeward Oʻahu commuters while being integral in the westward expansion of the metropolitan area. The project however has been criticized for its cost, delays and potential environmental impacts. Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/L Battery

Performing arts

Established in 1900, the Honolulu Symphony is the oldest US symphony orchestra west of the Rocky Mountains. Other classical music ensembles include the Hawaii Opera Theatre. Honolulu is also a center for Hawaiian music. Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/P Battery

The main music venues include the Neal Blaisdell Center Concert Hall and Arena, the Waikiki Shell, and the Hawaii Theatre.

Honolulu also includes several venues for live theater, including the Diamond Head Theatre.

Visual arts

There are various institutions for the visual arts. Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/L Battery

The Honolulu Museum of Art is endowed with the largest collection of Asian and Western art in Hawaii. It also has the largest collection of Islamic art, housed at the Shangri La estate. The museum hosts a film and video program dedicated to arthouse and world cinema in the museum's Doris Duke Theatre, named for the museum's historic patroness Doris Duke. Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/P Battery

The Contemporary Museum is the only contemporary art museum in the state. It has two locations: main campus in Makiki and a multi-level gallery in downtown Honolulu at the First Hawaiian Center.

The Hawaii State Art Museum (also downtown) boasts pieces by local artists as well as traditional Hawaiian art. Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/SI Battery

The museum is administered by the Hawaii State Foundation on Culture and the Arts.

Honolulu also annually holds the Hawaii International Film Festival (HIFF). It showcases some of the best films from producers all across the Pacific Rim and is the largest "East meets West" style film festival of its sort in the United States. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S5C CN1 Battery

Natural museums

The Bishop Museum is the largest of Honolulu's museums. It is endowed with the state's largest collection of natural history specimens and the world's largest collection of Hawaiiana and Pacific culture artifacts.^[51] Sony VAIO VPCEA20 Battery

The Honolulu Zoo is the main zoological institution in Hawaii while the Waikiki Aquarium is a workingmarine biology laboratory. The Waikiki Aquarium is partnered with the University of Hawaii and other universities worldwide. Established for appreciation andbotany, Honolulu is home to several gardens: Sony VAIO VPCEB10 Battery

Foster Botanical Garden, Liliʻuokalani Botanical Garden, Walker Estate, among others.

Sports

Honolulu's climate lends itself to year-round activities. In 2004, Men's Fitness magazine named Honolulu the fittest city in the United States.^[52] Honolulu has three large road races: Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM Battery

• The Great Aloha Run is held annually on Presidents' Day.
• The Honolulu Marathon, held annually on the second Sunday in December, draws more than 20,000 participants each year, about half to two thirds of them fromJapan.

The Honolulu Triathlon is an Olympic distance triathlon event governed by USA Triathlon. Held annually in May since 2004, there is an absence of a sprint course. Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/BI Battery

Ironman Hawaii was first held in Honolulu, it was the first ever Ironman and is also the World Champs.

Fans of spectator sports in Honolulu generally support the football, volleyball, basketball, rugby union, rugby league and baseball programs of the University of Hawaii at Manoa.^[53] Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/T Battery

 High school sporting events, especially football, are especially popular.

Honolulu has no professional sports teams. It was the home of the Hawaii Islanders (Pacific Coast League, 1961–1987), The Hawaiians (World Football League, 1974–1975), Team Hawaii (North American Soccer League, 1977), and the Hawaiian Islanders (af2, 2002–2004). Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/WI Battery

The NCAA football Hawaii Bowl is played in Honolulu. Honolulu has also hosted the NFL's annual Pro Bowl each February since 1980, though the 2010 Pro Bowl was played in Miami.^[54] In 2011, the 2011 Pro Bowl returned once again to Honolulu. From 1993 to 2008, Honolulu hosted Hawaii Winter Baseball, Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX Battery

featuring minor league players from Major League Baseball, Nippon Professional Baseball, Korea Baseball Organization, and independent leagues.

Ala Moana Center in Honolulu is the largest shopping mall in Hawaii, the fifteenth largest shopping mall in the United States, and the largest open-air shopping center in the world.^[1] Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/BI Battery

Located at 1450 Ala Moana Boulevard, Ala Moana Center is part of the commercial, retail, and residential district of Ala Moana, south of Makiki, east of Kakaʻako, west of Waikīkī and across from Ala Moana Beach Park.

In 1959, Ala Moana Center became the largest shopping mall in the United States, only to be overshadowed years later by new retail developments across the nation. Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/T Battery

General Growth Properties of Chicago, which used to trade on the New York Stock Exchange as GGP, currently owns and operates Ala Moana Center. The company uses photographs of Ala Moana Center as its flagship banner image on the properties page of its company website.^[2] Over 56 million people visit Ala Moana Center annually. Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/WI Battery

Though there are a few stores (such as Longs Drugs and Sears) which offer products to local residents, many of the Center's stores target the tourist economy on which it so heavily relies. The shopping center focuses its marketing on tourism, providing brochures in Japanese, one of its major clientele. Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX Battery

There are more than 290 shops and restaurants, including boutique stores of leading international fashion designers. Its current anchor tenants are Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Sears, and Nordstrom.^[3] The Center boasts one of the world's largest food courts, featuring cuisines from around the globe. Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/BI Battery

Designer stores, such as Bulgari, Prada, Dior, Fendi, Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Chanel, Tiffany & Co., Hermès, and the like have heavily influenced the atmosphere of Ala Moana, reportedly making it a hotspot for visitors and locals alike.

In a June 26, 2009 report from U.S. News & World Report, Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/T Battery

Ala Moana was ranked as the second most profitable mall in America based on sales per square footage, and also had one of the highest occupancy rates:

"Ala Moana, Honolulu, Hawaii. (Occupancy rate: 95 percent*; sales per square foot: $1,125). This upscale shopping mecca near Waikiki is a gold mine, with annual sales of more than $1 billion. Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/WI Battery

While other malls are struggling to hang onto tenants, Ala Moana recently added a new wing with 30 additional retailers."

Mall history

Previous to its construction, the land was a swamp. Dredging projects nearby spearheaded by Walter F. Dillingham created excess coral which filled the swamp, Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX Battery

purchased by Dillingham in 1912 from the estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop. Land reclaimed, son and successor Lowell Dillingham initiated the Ala Moana Center project in 1948 and broke ground in 1957.^[5]

The Ala Moana Center was developed and designed by Don Graham.^[6] Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/BI Battery

Critics viewed Graham's unusual design, which oriented the mall away from the Pacific Ocean and included two levels for retail and parking, as a potential failure.^[6] However, the Ala Moana Center proved a success after its opening and refocused the retail center of Oahu away from downtown Honolulu.^[6] Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/BIC Battery

 Graham worked as the center's first general manager after its opening.^[7]

Heralded as the largest shopping mall in the country when it opened in 1966, its original tenants included Sears, Roebuck and Company; F. W. Woolworth Company;Foodland; Longs Drugs; and Shirokiya, among other local shops. Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/T Battery

Ala Moana Center's earlier expansions including the 1966 addition of J. C. Penney and Liberty House in a new Diamond Head wing. The Makai Market food court was built in 1987. A 1999 expansion created a berth for Neiman Marcus and creation of more upper level retail spaces.^[5] Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX Battery

A shopping complex and parking spaces were demolished just north of the shopping mall in 2006 to make way for General Growth's latest expansion project. Ala Moana Center's newest addition is the mauka wing, completed on March 7, 2008 and anchored by Nordstrom. Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/BI Battery

In 1982, Ala Moana Center was purchased by a partnership of Japanese corporation, Daiei, and an insurance company. In 1995, Daiei became the sole owner. Once a management vendor for Daiei, General Growth Properties purchased Ala Moana Center in 1999.^[5] Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/T Battery

On February 23, 2012, Sears Holdings Corp. announced it would close its Sears store at Ala Moana Center by early 2013, as part of a $270 million sale of 11 properties nationwide to General Growth. The financial newspaper The Wall Street Journal estimated that the Ala Moana Sears location was the largest portion of the deal, Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/WI Battery

comprising between $200 million to $250 million of the overall sale price. Ala Moana Center has not announced what retailers would replace the Sears location.^[8]

Architecture

Costing USD 25,000,000 in 1959, Ala Moana Center had eighty-seven stores and four thousand parking spaces. Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM Battery

Ala Moana Center was remodeled extensively in various phases. New designs reflected modern Hawaiian architectural principles, emphasizing the importance of the symbolism of various natural phenomena found in Hawaiʻi. Asian Pacific Rim motifs have been adopted reflecting the large Asian population of residents in Hawaiʻi. Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/BI Battery

For decades, a centerpiece of Ala Moana Center was its koi ponds. In the Japanese culture, koi represents happiness and tranquility. Despite these enhancements, the design of the Center has been criticized for its over-built appearance and hodge-podge architecture, the result of years of modifications and expansions under different owners. Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/T Battery

Still, Ala Moana Center architecture and layouts inspired owners General Growth Properties in 2004 to invest over USD 1,000,000,000 in remodeling various other shopping centers across Canada and the United States using Ala Moana Center as a template.

Centerstage

Ala Moana Centerstage is one of the most popular public amphitheaters in Hawaiʻi. Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/WI Battery

On a stage in the center of the shopping complex, local talents are showcased for visitors to enjoy. Hula dances are a staple for Ala Moana Centerstage as well as performances by the Royal Hawaiian Band, the oldest municipal band in the United States. Schools throughout the country, Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX Battery

as well as the world, travel to Honolulu just to be able to perform at Ala Moana Centerstage.

In addition, episodes of the local TV show called Hawaii Stars, a singing competition, are usually filmed on this stage. Onlookers can usually be seen crowding the second- and third-story balconies overlooking the stage during taping. Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/BI Battery

Transportation hub

Ala Moana Center is a major public transportation hub for TheBus, Honolulu's mass transit system. Ala Moana Center is the center of Honolulu's public transportation system and can be accessed by routes from all points on O'ahu. Ala Moana Center is accessed daily by numerous city and tour buses. Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/T Battery

ʻIolani Palace, in the capitol district of downtown Honolulu in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi, is the only royal palace in the United States used as an official residence by a reigning monarch and is a National Historic Landmark listed on theNational Register of Historic Places. Two monarchs governed from ʻIolani Palace: Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/WI Battery

King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani. After the monarchy was overthrown in 1893, the building was used as the capitol building for the Provisional Government,Republic, Territory, and State of Hawaiʻi until 1969. The palace was restored and opened to the public as a museum in 1978. Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX Battery

Pohukaina

In the early 19th-century, this area was known as Pohukaina,^[3] probably from pohu ka ʻāina which in the Hawaiian language means "the land is calm".^[4] It may also been named for the chief of the same name (sometimes spelled Pahukaina) who according to legend chose a cave in Kanehoalani in the Koʻolau Range for his resting place. Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/B Battery

The land belonged toKekauluohi, who later ruled as Kuhina Nui, as her birthrights.^[5]

The missionary Hiram Bingham I was allowed to build a missionary compound of his house and what became the Kawaiahaʻo Church outside of the old town. Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/G Battery

Some thatched huts were built for royalty to be near a school that the missionaries ran for the royal family at the church. Another missionary William Ellis built his home there, and Prime Minister Kalanimokudecided to build the first stone house on the site, naming it "Pohukaina". After Kalanimoku's death, Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/L Battery

the building, often referred to as a palace, became the meeting hall for the council of chiefs.^[5] The present palace grounds consist of many different homes for other aliʻis; Kekūanāoa build his house Haliʻimaile and Keoni Ana lived in Kīnaʻu Hale, which was later converted into the residence of the royal chamberlain, on the site. Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/P Battery

Oral history told of an ancient heiau (temple to the Hawaiian religion) called Kaʻahaimauli that was destroyed in the area.^[6][7]

After 1825, the first Western-style royal tomb was constructed for the bodies of King Kamehameha II and his queen Kamāmalu.Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/W Battery

They were buried on August 23, 1825. The idea was heavily influenced by the tombs at Westminster Abbey during Kamehameha II's trip to London. The mausoleum was a small house made of coral blocks with a thatched roof. It had no windows, and it was the duty of two chiefs to guard the iron-locked koa door day and night. Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX Battery

No one can enter the vault except for burials or Memorial Day, a Hawaiian national holiday celebrated on December 30.

Although Kamehameha III lived in the compound for a while, he had no permanent capital, and left in 1837 for Maui.^[8] Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/B Battery

Over time, as more bodies were added, the small vault became crowded, so other chiefs and retainers were buried in unmarked graves nearby. In 1865 a selected 20 coffins were removed to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii called Mauna ʻAla in Nuʻuanu Valley. But many chiefs remain on the site including: Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/G Battery

 Keaweikekahialiʻiokamoku, Kalaniopuu, Chiefess Kapiolani, and Timothy Haalilio.

After being overgrown for many years, the Hawaiian Historical Society passed a resolution in 1930 requesting Governor Lawrence Juddto memorialize the site with the construction of a metal fence enclosure and a plaque. Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/L Battery

Tradition holds that the tomb was on the site of a former cave.^[5][9]

Hale Aliʻi

The ʻIolani Palace structure that exists today is actually the second to sit on the grounds. The original one story wooden building called Hanailoia was built in July 1844, only one-third the floor area of the present palace. Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/P Battery

Mataio Kekūanāoʻa, who was long-time Royal Governor of Oʻahu, built it for his daughter Princess Victoria Kamāmalu. It was purchased by King Kamehameha III from Kamāmalu (the King's niece) when he moved his capital from Lahaina to Honolulu in 1845. Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/W Battery

Kekūanāoʻa built his own house directly to the west, andKekāuluohi built hers to the south near the Pohukaina mausoleum.^[6]

It was constructed as a traditional aliʻi residence with only ceremonial spaces, no sleeping rooms. Sony VAIO VPCEB190X Battery

It just had a throne room, a reception room, and a state dining room, with other houses around for sleeping and for retainers. Kamehameha III slept in a cooler grass hut around the palace. He called his home Hoʻihoʻikea^[10] in honor of his restoration after thePaulet Affair of 1843.^[6] Sony VAIO VPCEB19FX Battery

The palace building was named Hale Aliʻi meaning (House of the Chiefs). During Kamehameha V's reign it was changed toʻIolani Palace, after his brother Kamehameha IV's given names (his full name was Alexander Liholiho Keawenui ʻIolani). It literally means "royal hawk. Sony VAIO VPCEB19GX Battery

" The Palace served as the official residence of the monarch during the reigns of Kamehameha IV, Kamehameha V, Lunalilo, and the first part of Kalākaua's reign.^[11] The original structure was very simple in design and was more of a stately home than a palace, but at the time, it was the grandest house in town. Sony VAIO VPCEB1AFX Battery

The palace was largely meant for receiving foreign dignitaries and state functions; the king preferred to live in grass huts on the palace grounds.

Theodore Heuck, who had earlier designed the new Mausoleum, designed a building called ʻIolani Barracks, completed in 1871, to house the royal guards. Sony VAIO VPCEB1AFX/B Battery

Over time the other houses on the grounds were removed and replaced with grass lawns.

Second Palace

King Kamehameha V envisioned a royal palace befitting of the sovereignty of a modern state. He commissioned the construction of Aliʻiōlani Hale to be the official palace of the Hawaiian monarchy. Sony VAIO VPCEB1AGX Battery

The building was constructed across the street from the original ʻIolani Palace structure. It was named after himself (his full name was Lot Kapuaiwa Kalanikupuapaikalaninui Aliʻiolani Kalanimakua) it means "House of the heavenly King". At the time, Hawaiʻi sorely needed a government building, since the government buildings of the time were small and cramped. Sony VAIO VPCEB1AGX/BI Battery

Ultimately, Aliʻiōlani Hale became an administrative building instead of a palace, housing the judiciary of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and various other ministries.

By the time David Kalākaua assumed the throne, the original ʻIolani Palace was in poor condition, suffering from groundtermite damage. He ordered the old palace to be razed. Sony VAIO VPCEB1BGX Battery

Kalākaua was the first monarch to travel around the world. While visiting Europe, he took note of the grand palaces owned by other monarchs. Like Kamehameha V, he dreamed of a royal palace befitting of the sovereignty of a modern state such as Hawaiʻi. He commissioned the construction a new ʻIolani Palace, Sony VAIO VPCEB1BGX/BI Battery

directly across the street from Aliʻiōlani Hale, to become the official palace of the Hawaiian monarchy.

Thomas J. Baker designed the structure, Charles J. Wall added details, and architect Isaac Moore. Sony VAIO VPCEB1CGX Battery

The cornerstone was laid December 31, 1879 during the administration of Minister of the Interior Samuel Gardner Wilder.^[12]:204 It was built of brick with concrete facing. The building was completed in November 1882 and cost over $340,000 — a vast fortune at the time. It measures about 140 feet (43 m) by 100 feet (30 m), Sony VAIO VPCEB1CGX/BI Battery

and rises two stories over a raised basement to 54 feet (16 m) high. It has four corner towers and two in the center rising to 76 feet (23 m). On February 12, 1883 a formal European-style coronation ceremony was held, even though Kalākaua had reigned for 9 years. The coronation pavilion was later moved to the southwest corner of the grounds and converted to a bandstand for the Royal Hawaiian Band.^[11] Sony VAIO VPCEB1DGX Battery

ʻIolani Palace features architecture seen nowhere else in the world. This unique style is known as American Florentine. On the first floor a grand hall faces a staircase of koa wood. Ornamental plaster decorates the interior. The throne room (southeast corner), the blue meeting room, and the dining room adjoin the hall. Sony VAIO VPCEB1DGX/BI Battery

The blue room included a large 1848 portrait of King Louis Philippe of France and a koa wood piano where Liliʻuokalani played her compositions for guests. Upstairs are the private library and bedrooms of the Hawaiian monarchs.^[11] It had electricity and telephones even before the White House. Sony VAIO VPCEB1EGX Battery

It served as the official residence of the Hawaiian monarch until the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Beside Liliʻuokalani, Queen Kapiʻolani and other royal retainers were evicted from the palace after the overthrow.

Executive Building

Upon the overthrow of the monarchy by the Committee of Safety in 1893, Sony VAIO VPCEB1EGX/BI Battery

troops of the newly formed Provisional Government of Hawaiʻi took control of ʻIolani Palace. After a few months government offices moved in and it was renamed the "Executive Building" for the Republic of Hawaiʻi. Government officials carefully inventoried its contents and sold at public auctions whatever furniture or furnishings were not suitable for government operations. Sony VAIO VPCEB1FGX Battery

Queen Liliʻuokalani was imprisoned for nine months in a small room on the upper floor after the second of the Wilcox rebellions in 1895. The quilt she made is still there. The trial was held in the former throne room.^[11]

When a proposed annexation treaty up for ratification, the Hawaiian Patriotic League held a protest rally at the palace on September 6, 1897. Sony VAIO VPCEB1FGX/BI Battery

They gathered petition signatures in an effort to demonstrate the treaty did not have popular support. On August 12, 1898 US troops from the USS Philadelphia came ashore and raised the Flag of the United States at the palace to mark the annexation by the Newlands Resolution. Sony VAIO VPCEB1GGX Battery

The Queen and other Hawaiian nobles did not attend, staying at Washington Place instead.^[13] The building served as the capitol of the Territory of Hawaiʻi, the military headquarters during World War II, and the State of Hawaiʻi. During the government use of the palace, 
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the second floor royal bedroom became the governor's office, while the legislature occupied the entire first floor. The representatives met in the former throne room and the senate in the former dining room.^[11]

Archives

After annexation, there was a fear that all records would be moved to the mainland. Sony VAIO VPCEB1HGX Battery

Since an 1847 effort by Robert Crichton Wyllie, a set of archives had been kept of all kingdom records. A new fireproof building was built in 1906 on the grounds just to the southeast of the palace. It included a vault 30 feet (9.1 m) by 40 feet (12 m) with steel shelves. At first it was to be called the Hall of Records, Sony VAIO VPCEB1HGX/BI Battery

but the name Archives of Hawaii made it clear the documents included those from the kingdom.^[14] A new Kekāuluohi building provides digital access to some of the collections.^[15]

Palace Restoration

In 1930 the interior of ʻIolani Palace was remodeled, and wood framing replaced by steel and reinforced concrete. Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX Battery

The nameʻIolani Palace was officially restored in 1935.^[11] During World War II, it served as the temporary headquarters for the military governor in charge of martial law in the Hawaiian Islands.

The Hawaiian soldiers of Japanese ancestry who were accepted for service in the US Army became the core of the 442nd Infantry Regiment. Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/B Battery

Before leaving Hawaii for training on the mainland, they were sworn in during a mass ceremony on the grounds of the Palace.^[16]

Through more than 70 years as a functional but neglected government building, the Palace fell into disrepair. After Hawaii became a state, Governor John A. Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/G Battery

Burns began an effort to restore the palace in the 1960s. The first step was to move the former ʻIolani Barracks building from its original position northeast of the palace. It now serves as a visitors center for the palace.

ʻIolani Palace was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 29, Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/L Battery

1962^[2] and added as site 66000293 to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Oahu on October 15, 1966.^[1] Government offices vacated the Palace in 1969 and moved to the newly constructed Hawaii State Capitol building on the former barracks site. In preparation for restoration, Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/P Battery

the Junior League of Honolulu researched construction, furnishings, and palace lifestyle in nineteenth-century newspapers, photographs and archival manuscripts. Overseeing the restoration was The Friends of ʻIolani Palace, founded byLiliʻuokalani Kawānanakoa Morris, grand-niece of Queen Kapiʻolani. Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/W Battery

Two wooden additions were removed and the interior was restored based on original plans.^[17]

Through the efforts of acquisitions researchers and professional museum staff, and donations of individuals, many original Palace objects have been returned. Government grants and private donations funded reproduction of original fabrics and finishes to restore Palace rooms to their monarchy era appearance. Sony VAIO VPCEB1KGX Battery

ʻIolani Palace opened to the public in 1978 after structural restoration of the building was completed.^[17] In the basement is a photographic display of the Palace, the Hawaiian crown jewels, orders and decorations given by the monarchs, and regalia worn by the high chiefs of the islands. Sony VAIO VPCEB1KGX/B Battery

The grounds of ʻIolani Palace are managed by the Hawaiʻi State Department of Land and Natural Resources but the palace building itself is managed as a historical house museum by the Friends of ʻIolani Palace, a non-profit non-governmental organization. The birthdays of King Kalākaua (November 16) and Queen Kapiʻolani (December 28) are celebrated with ceremonies.^[18] Sony VAIO VPCEB1KGX/W Battery

Recent events

On January 17, 1993, a massive observation was held on the grounds of ʻIolani Palace to mark the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. A torchlight vigil was held at night, with the palace draped in black.^[19] Sony VAIO VPCEB1LFX Battery

On April 30, 2008, ʻIolani Palace was overtaken by a group of native Hawaiians who called themselves the Hawaiian Kingdom Government to protest what they view as illegitimate rule by the United States. Mahealani Kahau, "head of state" of the group, said they do not recognize Hawaiʻi as a U.S. state, but would keep the occupation of the palace peaceful. Sony VAIO VPCEB1LFX/BI Battery

"The Hawaiian Kingdom Government is here and it doesn't plan to leave. This is a continuity of the Hawaiian Kingdom of 1892 to today," Kahau said.^[20][21]

In response, the Friends of ʻIolani Palace released a statement that while they "respect the freedom of Hawaiian groups to hold an opinion on the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Sony VAIO VPCEB1LFX/WI Battery

we believe that blocking public access to Iolani Palace is wrong and certainly detrimental to our mission to share the Palace and its history with our residents, our keiki (children), and our visitors."^[22] The statement clarified that the original seat of government of the Hawaiian Kingdom was not ʻIolani Palace. Sony VAIO VPCEB1MFX Battery

The Palace was used as the royal residence while government activities were carried out in the original courthouse (now demolished) and later in Aliʻiolani Hale.^[23]

In fiction

The fictional TV series, Hawaii Five-O, had state police headquarters based in ʻIolani Palace. Sony VAIO VPCEB1MFX/BI Battery

Fans of the series are led to believe that the office of the leader of the fictional state police force, Steve McGarrett, is located in the upper right corner (when viewed from outside). The 1968-1980 police drama, in fact, was filmed on location in Hawaii, and many scenes were filmed in the Iolani Palace. Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX Battery

ʻIolani Palace plays a significant role in the Harry Turtledove books Days of Infamy and End of the Beginning as the seat of the Japanese puppet government of Hawaiʻi.

A movie titled Princess Kaiulani about Princess Ka ʻiulani was filmed at the palace in 2008.^[24][25] Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX/B Battery

A fictional character claiming to work for the ʻIolani Palace restoration project and trying to recover presents Queen Kapiʻolani gave to Boston residents on her stay there in 1887 plays a significant role in Charlotte MacLeod's detective fiction The Withdrawing Room (1981). Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX/L Battery

In the episode "Yapper" from Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Pleakley and Jumba visit ʻIolani Palace as part of Pleakley's sight seeing tour of Honolulu. In the same episode, Lilo enters Stitch in a dog show in hopes of beating Mertle and Gigi (Experiment 007).

The Aloha Tower is a lighthouse that is considered one of the landmarks of the state of Hawaii in the United States. Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX/P Battery

Opened on September 11, 1926 at a then astronomical cost of $160,000,^[2] the Aloha Tower is located at Pier 9 of Honolulu Harbor. It has and continues to be a guiding beacon welcoming vessels to the City and County of Honolulu. Just as theStatue of Liberty greeted hundreds of thousands of immigrants each year to New York City, Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX/W Battery

the Aloha Tower greeted hundreds of thousands of immigrants to Honolulu. At 10 stories and 184 feet (56 m) of height topped with 40 feet (12 m) of flag mast, for four decades the Aloha Tower was the tallest structure in Hawaii.^[2] It was built in the Hawaiian Gothic architectural style. Sony VAIO VPCEB1PFX Battery

Attack on Pearl Harbor

When the attack on Pearl Harbor came on December 7, 1941, Coast Guardsmen from the USCGC Taney (WHEC-37) were ordered to take up defensive positions around Aloha Tower and protect it from being occupied. The Aloha Tower was painted incamouflage so as to disappear at night. Sony VAIO VPCEB1PFX/B Battery

Redevelopment

In 1981, the Governor of Hawaii and the Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism established the Aloha Tower Development Corporation. Sony VAIO VPCEB1QGX Battery

The public corporation was charged with developing the land around the Aloha Tower to benefit the state's commercial trade industry based at Honolulu Harbor while at the same time providing the residents of Hawaii with ample access to the downtown waterfront. Sony VAIO VPCEB1QGX/BI Battery

The entire Aloha Tower Complex, as defined by the public corporation, was identified as Piers 5 and 6, Piers 8 through 23, and portions of Nimitz Highway and Iwilei.

Museum marketplace

In 1982, the Hawaii Maritime Center was opened near the Aloha Tower in an old royal pier to present the history of Honolulu Harbor and the relative industries it served. Sony VAIO VPCEB1RGX Battery

In 2002, the Hawaii Maritime Center became an incorporated institution of the Bishop Museum. The center was closed to the public on May 1, 2009.^[3]

Docked at the royal pier is the Falls of Clyde, a historic shipping vessel.

Recent developments

The Aloha Tower Development Corporation continues its work today with plans to modernize the facilities and infrastructure in and around the Aloha Tower Complex. Sony VAIO VPCEB1RGX/BI Battery

Its most significant hurdle is to find a way of making travel through Nimitz Highway more efficient. In 2004, a controversial proposal was made to construct an underground highway tunnel beneath the complex.^[4] Other proposals include the establishment of streetcars, elimination of commercial high-rises in the area and increase of high-rise residential units instead.Sony VAIO VPCEB20 Battery

State officials want to close the parking lot fronting the Aloha Tower and destroy the adjacent Hawaiian Electric Company power plant, then fill the space with a park. In consideration of heightened security measures after 9/11, tourist access to the observation deck was restricted, but has since been reopened. Sony VAIO VPCEC20 Battery

The Harold L. Lyon Arboretum is a 200-acre (0.8 km²) arboretum and botanical garden managed by the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa located at the upper end of Mānoa Valley in Hawaiʻi.

Much of the Arboretum's botanical collection consists of an artificial lowland tropical rainforest with numerous trails and small water features. Sony VAIO VPCEE20 Battery

The Manoa Arboretum was established in 1918 by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association to demonstrate watershed restoration and test various tree species for reforestation, as well as collect living plants of economic value. Sony VAIO VPCEF20 Battery

The original director of the arboretum was Dr. Harold L. Lyon, a botanist from Minnesota who was plant pathologist for the HSPA. During his tenure, Lyon planted nearly 2,000 species of trees on the site.

In 1953, at Lyon's urging, the HSPA conveyed the arboretum site to the University of Hawaiʻi, Sony VAIO VPCF112FX/B Battery

with the stipulation that the site continue to be used as an arboretum and botanical garden in perpetuity. After Lyon's death in 1957, the arboretum was renamed in his honor.^[1]

Today, the Arboretum continues to develop its extensive tropical plant collection, while emphasizing native Hawaiian plants, such as Pritchardia spp. (palms). Sony VAIO VPCF115FG/B Battery

Its over 15,000 accessions focus primarily on the monocot families of palms,gingers, heliconias, bromeliads, and aroids. Native and Polynesian cultivated and wild species are displayed in the ethnobotanical, native ecosystems, and Hawaiian sections of the gardens. The Lyon Arboretum also maintains an active seed bank.^[2] Sony VAIO VPCF116FGBI Battery

Background

Lyon Arboretum is adjacent to land owned by the City Water Board of Water Supply as well as State conservation land and the site of the former Paradise Park. Paradise Park, formerly a theme park home to trained bird shows and the Treetops Restaurant, Sony VAIO VPCF117FJ/W Battery

is frequently confused with Lyon Arboretum, but these are separate entities. Funds to purchase the Paradise Park parcel were appropriated by the state in 2002, but the purchase was refused by governors Ben Cayetano and Linda Lingle.

The Bishop Museum (formerly the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Sony VAIO VPCF117HG/BI Battery

and designated the Hawaiʻi State Museum of Natural and Cultural History), is a museum of history and science in the historic Kalihi district of Honolulu on the Hawaiian island of O'ahu. Founded in 1889, it is the largest museum in Hawai'i and is home to the world's largest collection of Polynesian cultural and scientific artifacts. Sony VAIO VPCF118FJ/W Battery

Besides the comprehensive exhibits of Hawaiiana, the Bishop Museum has an extensive entomological collection of over 13.5 million specimens, the third largest collection in theUnited States. The museum is accessible on public transit: TheBus Routes A, B, 1, 2, 7, 10. Sony VAIO VPCF119FC Battery

Charles Reed Bishop, a philanthropist and co-founder of Kamehameha Schools and First Hawaiian Bank, built the museum in memory of his late wife, Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop. She was the last legal heir of the Kamehameha Dynasty, which ruled theKingdom of Hawaiʻi between 1810 and 1872. Sony VAIO VPCF119FC/BI Battery

Bishop had originally intended the museum to house family heirlooms passed down to him through the royal lineage of his wife.

The museum was built on the original boys campus of Kamehameha Schools, an institution created to benefit native Hawaiian children as outlined in the Princess' last will and testament. Sony VAIO VPCF119FJ/BI Battery

In 1898, Bishop constructed Hawaiian Hall and Polynesian Hall in the then popular Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style. The Pacific Commercial Advertiser newspaper dubbed the buildings as "the noblest buildings of Honolulu." Both Hawaiian Hall and Polynesian Hall stand today and have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Sony VAIO VPCF11AFJ Battery

Hawaiian Hall is home to a complete Sperm Whale skeleton with papier-mâché body suspended above the central gallery. Along the walls are prized koa wood display cases worth more than the original Bishop Museum buildings. It is also home to the Hawaiian Royal regalia, including the Hawaiian royal crown and the consort's crown. Sony VAIO VPCF11AGJ Battery

Later development

In 1940, Kamehameha Schools moved to its new campus in Kapālama, allowing the museum to expand. Bishop Hall, which had been built for the school, reverted to museum use.^[2] Most other school structures were razed and new museum facilities were constructed. Sony VAIO VPCF11AHJ Battery

By the late 1980s, the Bishop Museum had become the largest natural and cultural history institution in Polynesia.

In 1988, construction of the Castle Memorial Building was begun. Dedicated on January 13, 1990, Castle Memorial Building houses all the major traveling exhibits that come to the Bishop Museum from institutions around the world. Sony VAIO VPCF11JFX/B Battery

The Richard T. Mamiya Science Adventure Center opened in November 2005. The building is designed as a learning center for children, and includes many interactive exhibits focused on marine science, volcanology, and related sciences.^[3][4]

Library and Archives

The Library has one of the most extensive collections of books, periodicals, newspapers and special collections concerned with Hawai'i and the Pacific. 
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The Archives holds the results of extensive studies done by Museum staff in the Pacific Basin as well as manuscripts, photographs, artwork, oral histories, commercial sound recordings and maps.

Many of Hawai'i 's royalty (including Bernice Pauahi Bishop and Queen Lili'uokalani) deposited their personal papers at Bishop Museum. Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H Battery

Manuscripts in the collection also include scientific papers, genealogical records, and memorabilia.

The book collection consists of approximately 50,000 volumes with an emphasis on the cultural and natural history of Hawai'i and the Pacific, with subject strengths in anthropology, Sony VAIO VPCF11MFX/B Battery

music, botany, entomology, and zoology. The Library provides extra access to the collection of published diaries, narratives, memoirs, etc. relating to 18th and 19th century Hawai'i.

Institutions

On the campus of Bishop Museum is the Jhamandas Watumull Planetarium, an educational and research facility devoted to the astronomical sciences and the oldest planetarium in Polynesia. Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E Battery

Also on the campus is Pauahi Hall, home to the J. Linsley Gressit Center for Research in Entomology which houses some 14 million prepared specimens of insectsand related arthropods, including over 16,500 primary types, making it the third largest entomology collection in the United States and the eighth largest in the world. Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B Battery

An active research facility, Pauahi Hall is not open to the public. Nearby is Pākī Hall, home to the Hawaiʻi Sports Hall of Fame, a museum library and archives, open to the public.

From 1988 until 2009, the Bishop Museum also administered the Hawaiʻi Maritime Center in downtown Honolulu.^[5] Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E Battery

Built on a former private pier of Honolulu Harborfor the royal family, the center was the premier maritime museum in the Pacific Rim with artifacts in relation to the Pacific whaling industry and the Hawaiʻisteamship industry.

On the Big Island of Hawai'i, the Bishop Museum administers the Amy B.H. Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, specializing in indigenous Hawaiian plant life. Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI Battery

The Secretariat of the Pacific Science Association (PSA), an independent regional, non-governmental, scholarly organization that seeks to advance science and technology in support of sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific, has been based at Bishop Museum since PSA's founding in 1920. Sony VAIO VPCF11ZHJ Battery

Falls of Clyde

From 1968 until September 2008, the Bishop Museum owned the Falls of Clyde, the oldest sail-driven oil tanker which was moored at the Hawai‘i Maritime Center. In early 2007, Sony VAIO VPCF127HGBI Battery

the ship was closed to public tours for safety reasons and in order to facilitate repairs to the deteriorating tank, which frequently caused the ship to list dramatically. The decision was also made to conduct a more thorough inspection by marine experts. Between 1998 and 2008 the Museum incurred more than $2 million in preservation costs.^[6] Sony VAIO VPCF137HG/BI Battery

The museum had plans to sink the ship by the end of 2008 unless private funds were raised for a perpetual care endowment.^[7] On September 28, 2008, ownership was transferred to the non-profit group, Friends of Falls of Clyde, which intends to restore the ship.^[8] In October 2008, Sony VAIO VPC-P111KX/B Battery

the Bishop Museum was accused of "incompetence and dishonesty" for having raised $600,000 to preserve the ship but then spending only about half on the ship. The accusation also focused on other decisions about how the money was used.

The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (locally known as Punchbowl) Sony VAIO VPC-P111KX/D Battery

is a cemetery located in Honolulu, Hawaii that serves a memorial to those men and women who served in the United States Armed Forces. It is administered by the National Cemetery Administration of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs and is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places. Sony VAIO VPC-P111KX/G Battery

Millions of visitors visit the cemetery each year, and it is one of the more popular tourist attractions in Hawaii.

Location, construction and history

In February 1948, Congress approved funding and construction began on the national cemetery. Sony VAIO VPC-P111KX/P Battery

Since the cemetery was dedicated on September 2, 1949, approximately 53,000 World War I, World War II, the Korean, and Vietnam veterans and their dependents have been interred. The cemetery now almost exclusively accepts cremated remains for above-ground placement in columbaria; Sony VAIO VPC-P111KX/W Battery

casketed and cremated remains of eligible family members of those already interred there may, however, be considered for burial. A new, separately administered veterans cemetery (Hawaii State Veterans Cemetery (21.38898°N 157.787141°W)) has been built and dedicated on the windward side of O'ahu at Kāne'ohe that does provide in-ground burials for deceased veterans and their dependents. Sony VAIO VPC-P112KX/B Battery

Prior to the opening of the cemetery for the recently deceased, the remains of soldiers from locations around the Pacific Theater—including Guam, Wake Island, and Japanese POW camps—were transported to Hawaii for final interment. The first interment was made January 4, 1949. Sony VAIO VPC-P112KX/D Battery

The cemetery opened to the public on July 19, 1949, with services for five war dead: an unknown serviceman, two Marines, an Army lieutenant and one civilian—noted war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Initially, the graves at National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific were marked with white wooden crosses and Stars of Sony VAIO VPC-P112KX/G Battery

David—like the American cemeteries abroad—in preparation for the dedication ceremony on the fourth anniversary of V-J Day. Eventually, over 13,000 soldiers and sailors who died during World War II would be laid to rest in the Punchbowl. Despite the Army's extensive efforts to inform the public that the star- Sony VAIO VPC-P112KX/P Battery

and cross-shaped grave markers were only temporary, an outcry arose in 1951 when permanent flat granite markers replaced them.

The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific was the first such cemetery to install Bicentennial Medal of Honor headstones, the medal insignia being defined in gold leaf. Sony VAIO VPC-P112KX/W Battery

On May 11, 1976, a total of 23 of these were placed on the graves of medal recipients, all but one of whom were killed in action.

In August 2001, about 70 generic "Unknown" markers for the graves of men known to have died during the attack on Pearl Harborwere replaced with markers that included USS Arizona after it was determined they perished on this vessel. Sony VAIO VPCP113KX/B Battery

In addition, new information that identified grave locations of 175 men whose graves were previously marked as "Unknown" resulted in the installation of new markers in October 2002.

The National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific contains a "Memorial Walk" that is lined with a variety of memorial markers fromSony VAIO VPC-P113KX/B Battery

various organizations and governments that honor America's veterans. As of 2012, there were 60 memorial boulders (bearing bronze plaques) along the pathway. Additional memorials can be found throughout the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific—most commemorating soldiers of 20th-century wars, including those killed at Pearl Harbor. Sony VAIO VPCP113KX/D Battery

"Operation Glory" and the Punchbowl Cemetery

After their retreat in 1950, dead Marines and soldiers were buried at a temporary gravesite near Hungnam, North Korea. During "Operation Glory" which occurred from July to November 1954 the dead of each side were exchanged; Sony VAIO VPC-P113KX/D Battery

remains of 4,167 US soldiers/Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean/Chinese dead. In addition 546 civilians who died in United Nations Prisoner of War camps were turned over to the South Korean Government.^[1] After "Operation Glory" 416 Korean War "unknowns" were buried in the Punchbowl Cemetery. Sony VAIO VPCP113KX/G Battery

According to one report,^[2] 1,394 names were also transmitted during "Operation Glory" from the Chinese and North Koreans {of whom 858 names proved to be correct}; of the 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans of whom all but 416 were identified by name. Sony VAIO VPC-P113KX/G Battery

Of 239 Korean War unaccounted for: 186 not associated with Punchbowl unknowns (176 were identified and of the remaining 10 cases four were non-Americans of Asiatic descent; one was British; three were identified and two cases unconfirmed). Fifty-seven years after the Korean War, remains of two of the "Punchbowl unknowns" were identified—both from the 1st Marine Division: one was Pfc. Sony VAIO VPCP113KX/P Battery

Donald Morris Walker of Support Company/1st Service Battalion/1st Marine Division who was KIA December 7, 1950;^[4] the other was Pfc. Carl West of Weapons Company/1st Battalion/7th Regiment/1st Marine Division who was KIA December 10, 1950.^[5] Sony VAIO VPC-P113KX/P Battery

In 2011 remains of an unknown USAF pilot from Operation Glory were identified from the "Punchbowl Cemetery";^[6] POW remains from "Operation Glory" were also identified in 2011.^[7][8]

From 1990 to 1994, North Korea excavated and turned over 208 sets of remains—possibly containing remains of 200–400 US Servicemen—but few identified because of co-mingling of remains.^[9] In 2011 remains were identified^[10] Sony VAIO VPCP113KX/W Battery

From 1996 to 2006, 220 remains were recovered near the Chinese border. In 2008, a total of 63 were identified (26 World War II; 19 Korea; 18 Vietnam)^[11] (Among those identified: January 2008 remains of a Michigan soldier.^[12] In March 2008, remains of an Indiana soldier^[13] and an Ohio soldier were identified). Sony VAIO VPC-P113KX/W Battery

According to a report June 24, 2008, of 10 Korean War Remains disinterred from the "Punchbowl Cemetery" six have been identified.^[14] From January to April 2009, a total of twelve Unknowns have been identified—three from World War II; eight from Korean War; one from Vietnam.^[15] In 2011 remains returned in 2000 were identified^[16] Sony VAIO VPC-P114KX/B Battery

Honolulu Memorial

In 1964, the American Battle Monuments Commission erected the Honolulu Memorial at the National Memorial Cemetery "to honor the sacrifices and achievements of American Armed Forces in the Pacific during World War II and in the Korean War". Sony VAIO VPC-P114KX/D Battery

The memorial was later expanded in 1980 to include the Vietnam War. The names of 28,788 military personnel who are missing in action or were lost or buried at sea in the Pacific during these conflicts are listed on marble slabs in ten Courts of the Missing which flank the Memorial's grand stone staircase. Sony VAIO VPC-P114KX/G Battery

Diamond Head is the name of a volcanic tuff cone on the Hawaiian island of Oʻahu and known to Hawaiians as Lēʻahi, most likely from lae 'browridge, promontory' plus ʻahi 'tuna' because the shape of the ridgeline resembles the shape of a tuna's dorsal fin.^[1] Sony VAIO VPC-P114KX/P Battery

Its English name was given by British sailors in the 19th century, who mistook calcitecrystals embedded in the rock for diamonds.

Diamond Head is part of the complex of cones, vents, and their associated eruption flows that are collectively known to geologists as the Honolulu Volcanic Series, Sony VAIO VPC-P114KX/W Battery

eruptions from the Koʻolau Volcano that took place long after the volcano formed and had gone dormant. The Honolulu Volcanic Series is a series of volcanic eruption events that created many of Oʻahu's well-known landmarks, includingPunchbowl Crater, Hanauma Bay, Koko Head, and Mānana Island in addition to Diamond Head. Sony VAIO VPCP115JC Battery

Diamond Head, like the rest of the Honolulu Volcanics, is much younger than the main mass of the Koʻolau Mountain Range. While the Koʻolau Range is about 2.6 million years old, Diamond Head is estimated to be about 150,000 years old and extinct for 150,000 years. The eruption that built up Diamond Head was probably very brief, lasting no more than a few days. Sony VAIO VPCP115JC/B Battery

It was probably explosive, since when the cinder cone was originally formed, the sea level is thought to have been higher and the vent burst erupted over a coral reef. Another factor probably contributing to the eruption's explosive nature was that rising magma would have come into contact with the water table. Sony VAIO VPCP115JC/D Battery

The eruption's relatively brief length is thought to explain why the cone today is so symmetrical.

A nearby eruption that took place at about the same time as the Diamond Head eruption was the eruption that built the Black Point lava shield. Sony VAIO VPCP115JC/G Battery

Since the type of eruptions that built Diamond Head tend to be monogenetic, geologists don't believe Diamond Head will erupt again.

Diamond Head is a defining feature of the view known to residents and tourists of Waikiki alike. Sony VAIO VPCP115JC/P Battery

The volcanic tuff cone is a United States State Monument. While part of it serves as a platform for antennas used by the U.S. government and is closed to the public, the crater's proximity to Honolulu's resort hotels and beaches makes the rest of it a popular destination.

A 0.75-mile (1.1-km) hike leads to the edge of the crater's rim. Sony VAIO VPCP115JC/W Battery

Signs at the trailhead say that the hike takes 1.5–2 hours round-trip, and recommends that hikers bring water. Although not difficult, the signs also say that the hike is not a casual one: the mostly unpaved trail winds over uneven rock, ascends 74 steps, then through a tunnel and up another steep 99 steps. Sony VAIO VPCP115KG Battery

Next is a small lighted tunnel to a narrow spiral staircase (about 30 steps) inside a coastal artillery observation platform built in 1908. From the summit above the observation platform both Waikiki and the Pacific Ocean can be seen in detail.

The volcano is a symbol of the worldwide recognition of the Hawaiian Islands; Sony VAIO VPCP116KG Battery

because of this, Diamond Head is widely used for commercial purposes (see Diamond Head (film) and Diamond Head (band)). Many souvenirs from Hawaii and surf shop logos around the world bear the volcano's distinctive silhouette.

Interior

The interior was the home to Fort Ruger, the first United States military reservation on Hawaii. Sony VAIO VPC-P116KX/B Battery

Only a National Guard facility remains in the crater. An FAAair traffic control center was in operation from 1963 to 2001.^[2]

Television show

A 1975 televised game show, The Diamond Head Game was set at Diamond Head. The host was the game show main-stay, Bob Eubanks. Sony VAIO VPC-P116KX/D Battery

Final contestants could step into a "Money Volcano" and catch flying bills of real money.^[3]

Other references

Areas of Diamond Head were also used while filming the television series Lost which was filmed entirely on location on the island of Oʻahu. Sony VAIO VPC-P116KX/G Battery

Parts of the old Army base were featured in Lost as an Iraqi Prison and a Scottish military camp. The biannual Transpac race (held in July of odd-numbered years), finishes off of Diamond Head. "Diamond Head" is the name of a song on the album entitled "Friends" by American pop group The Beach Boys. Sony VAIO VPC-P116KX/P Battery

Diamond Head is the name of an album by Anglo-Argentinian musician Phil Manzanera. Sony VAIO VPC-P116KX/W Battery,Sony VAIO VPCP118JC Battery,Sony VAIO VPCP118JC/B Battery