Relations between India and Pakistan

Relations between India and Pakistan have been strained by a number of historical and political issues, and are defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ121 Battery

Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.

After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign nations were formed—the Union of India and theDominion of Pakistan. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ13 Battery

The subsequent partition of the former British India displaced up to 12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million.^[1] India emerged as a secular nation with aHindu majority population and a large MuslimSony VAIO VGN-TZ130N/B Battery

minority while Pakistan was established as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population.^[2][3]

Soon after their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations but the violent partition and numerous territorial disputes would overshadow their relationship. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ131 Battery

Since their independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, one undeclared war and have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs. The Kashmir dispute is the main center-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ132/N Battery

which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship—notably, the Shimla summit, the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations soured particularly after the Siachen conflict, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ132N Battery

the intensification of Kashmir insurgency in 1989, Indian and Pakistaninuclear tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war. Certain confidence-building measures — such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the Delhi–Lahore Bus service — were successful in deescalating tensions. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ150N/B Battery

However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the two nations on the brink of a nuclear war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which killed 68 civilians (most of whom were Pakistani), was also a crucial point in relations. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ150N/N Battery

Additionally, the 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani militants^[4] resulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks.

Seeds of conflict during independence

About half a million Muslims and Hindus were killed in communal riots following the partition of British India. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ160CB Battery

Millions of Muslims living in India and Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan emigrated in one of the most colossal transfers of population in the modern era. Both countries accused each other of not providing adequate security to the minorities emigrating through their territory. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ160N/B Battery

This served to increase tensions between the newly-born countries.

According to the British plan for the partition of British India, all the 680 princely states were allowed to decide which of the two countries to join. With the exception of a few, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ16GN/B Battery

most of the Muslim-majority princely-states acceded to Pakistan while most of the Hindu-majority princely states joined India. However, the decisions of some of the princely-states would shape the Pakistan-India relationship considerably in the years to come. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ16N Battery

Junagadh dispute

Junagadh was a state on the southwestern end of Gujarat, with the principalities of Manavadar, Mangrol and Babriawad. It was not contiguous to Pakistan and other states physically separated it from Pakistan. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ16N/B Battery

The state had an overwhelming Hindu population which constituted more than 80% of its citizens, while the ruler of the state was a Muslim. Nawab of Junagadh, Mahabat Khan, acceded to Pakistan on 15 August 1947. Pakistan confirmed the acceptance of the accession on 15 September 1947. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ17/N Battery

India did not accept the accession as legitimate. The Indian point of view was that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan and that the Hindu majority of Junagadh wanted it to be a part of India and that the state was had Indian territory on three sides. While the ruler of Junagadh claimed a border with Pakistan by sea. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ170N/B Battery

The Pakistani point of view was that since Junagadh had a ruler and governing body who chose to accede to Pakistan, they should be allowed to do so. Junagadh, having a coastline, could have maintained maritime links with Pakistan.

Neither of the states was able to resolve this issue amicably and it only added fuel to an already charged environment.Sardar Patel, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ170N/N Battery

India's then Home Minister, felt that if Junagadh was permitted to go to Pakistan, it would create communal unrest across Gujarat. The government of India gave Pakistan time to void the accession and hold a plebiscite in Junagadh to pre empt any violence in Gujarat. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ17GN/B Battery

Samaldas Gandhi formed a government-in-exile, the Arzi Hukumat (in Urdu: Arzi: Transitional, Hukumat: Government) of the people of Junagadh. Patel ordered the annexation of Junagadh's three principalities.

India cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ17N Battery

sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acceded to India.^[5] On 26 October, Nawab of Junagadh and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes with Indian troops. On 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ18/N Battery

invited the Government of India to take over the State's administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the father of the more famous Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, decided to invite the Government of India to intervene and wrote a letter to Mr. Buch,Sony VAIO VGN-TZ180N/RC Battery

the Regional Commissioner of Saurashtra in the Government of India to this effect.^[6] The Government of Pakistan protested. The government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the Dewan to intervene.^[7] Indian troops occupied Junagadh on 9 November 1947. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ185N/WC Battery

Kashmir dispute

Kashmir was a Muslim-majority princely state, ruled by a Hindu^[8] king, Maharaja Hari Singh. At the time of the partition of India, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to remain independent and did not want to join either the Union of India or the Dominion of Pakistan. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ18GN/X Battery

He wanted both India and Pakistan to recognise his princely state as an independent neutral country like Switzerland.^[9] He wanted to make his state the Switzerland of the East since the population of the state depended on tourism and persons from all regions could come to an independent Jammu and Kashmir with ease. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ18N Battery

For this reason, he offered a standstill agreement (for maintaining the status quo) to both India and Pakistan. India refused the offer but Pakistan accepted it.

Rumours spread in Pakistan that Hari Singh was trying to accede Kashmir to India. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ190N/B Battery

Alarmed by this threat, a team of Pakistani forces were dispatched into Kashmir, fearing an Indian invasion of the region. Backed by Pakistani paramilitary forces, Pashtun Mehsud tribals^[10] invaded Kashmir in October 1947 under the code name "Operation Gulmarg" to seize Kashmir. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ190N/BC Battery

They reached and captured Baramulla on 25 October. They stayed for several days looting, raping, killing and plundering instead of moving on to Srinagar just 50 km away and capture its airfield which was not defended at all. Kashmir's security forces were too weak and ill-equipped to fight against Pakistan. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ191N/XC Battery

Troubled by this invasion by Pakistani forces and fearing that his kingdom was about to end and independence was no longer an option, the Maharaja now turned to India and requested India for troops to safeguard Kashmir. Though Indian Prime Minister Nehru was ready to send the troops, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ195N/XC Battery

the acting Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, advised the Maharaja to accede to India before India could send its troops. Hence, considering the emergent situation he signed the instrument of accession to the Union of India.

Charles Chevenix Trench writes in his 'The Frontier Scouts' (1985): Sony VAIO VGN-TZ198N/RC Battery

In October 1947... tribal lashkars hastened in lorries - undoubtedly with official logistic support - into Kashmir... at least one British Officer, Harvey-Kelly took part in the campaign. It seemed that nothing could stop these hordes of tribesmen taking Srinagar with its vital airfield. Indeed nothing did, but their own greed. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ250N/B Battery

The Mahsuds in particular stopped to loot, rape and murder; Indian troops were flown in and the lashkars pushed out of the Vale of Kashmir into the mountains. The Mahsuds returned home in a savage mood, having muffed an easy chance, lost the loot of Srinagar and made fools of themselves. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ250N/N Battery

In the words of Gen Mohammad Akbar Khan (Brigadier-in-Charge, Pakistan, in his book "War for Kashmir in 1947"): "The uncouth raiders delayed in Baramulla for two (whole) days for some unknown reason."^[11]

While the invading Pakistanis spread across the State and looted Baramulla town just 50 km from the state capital, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ250N/P Battery

Srinagar, for several days starting 25 October 1947, the Maharaja signed Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India on 26 October 1947. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah had already reached Delhi a day earlier on 25 October to persuade Nehru to send troops. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ27/N Battery

He made no secret of the danger the State faced and asked Nehru to lose no time in accepting the accession and ensuring the speedy dispatch of Indian troops to the State. (Sheikh Abdullah corroborates this account in his Aatish e Chinaar (at pages 416 and 417) and records (at page 417) Sony VAIO VGN-TZ270N/B Battery

that V.P. Menon returned to Delhi on 26 October with signed Instrument of accession.)^[12] These are photos of the two-page Instrument of Accession.

The Instrument was accepted by the Governor-General of India the next day, 27 October 1947. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ27N Battery

With this signing by the Maharaja and acceptance by the Governor-General, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of Dominion of India as per the Indian Independence Act 1947 passed by the British parliament. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ28/N Battery

By this time the raiders were close to the capital, Srinagar. Indian troops were airlifted from Delhi, landed at Srinagar airport in Kashmir on 27 October 1947 and secured the airport before proceeding to evict the invaders from Kashmir valley. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ285N/RC Battery

The Indian troops managed to evict the aggressors from parts of Kashmir but the onset of winter made much of the state impassable. After weeks of intense fighting between Pakistan and India, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ28N Battery

Pakistani leaders and the Indian Prime Minister Nehru declared a ceasefire and sought U.N.arbitration with the promise of a plebiscite. Sardar Patel had argued against both, describing Kashmir as a bilateral dispute and its accession as justified by international law. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ290EAB Battery

In 1957, north-western Kashmir was fully integrated into Pakistan, becoming Azad Kashmir(Pakistan-administered Kashmir). In 1962, China occupied Aksai Chin, the northeastern region bordering Ladakh. In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot and captured more than 80% of theSiachen Glacier. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ290EAN Battery

Pakistan maintains Kashmiris' right to self-determination through a plebiscite in accordance with an earlier Indian statement and a UN resolution and the promised plebiscite should be allowed to decide the fate of the Kashmiri people. India on the other hand asserts that with the Maharaja's signing the instrument of accession, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ290EAP Battery

Kashmir has become an integral part of India. Moreover, free and fair elections for the last sixty years to the state legislature and the national parliament, in which no separatist or secessionist has ever been elected, reflect the will of the people of the state.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ295N/XC Battery

Due to all such political differences, this dispute has been the subject of wars between the two countries in 1947 and 1965, and a limited conflict in 1999. The state remains divided between the two countries by the Line of Control (LoC), Sony VAIO VGN-TZ298N/XC Battery

which demarcates the ceasefire line agreed upon in the 1947 conflict modified in 1972 as per Simla Agreement.

War of 1965

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 started following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, Sony VAIO VGN-TZ33/B Battery

which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate aninsurgency against rule by India.^[13] The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry andarmoured units,Sony VAIO VGN-TZ33/N Battery

with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.

1971 Bangladesh Liberation War

Pakistan, since independence, was geo-politically divided into two major regions, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ33/W Battery

East Pakistan was occupied mostly by Bengali people. In December 1971, following a political crisis in East Pakistan, the situation soon spiralled out of control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali populace. The conflict, a brief but bloody war, resulted in an independence of East Pakistan. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ350N/B Battery

In the war, the Pakistani army swiftly fell to India, forcing the independence of East Pakistan, which separated and became Bangladesh. The Pakistani military, being a thousand miles from its base and defeated by superior forces, surrendered.Sony VAIO VGN-TZ350N/N Battery

Wars, conflicts and disputes

India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ350N/P Battery

In addition to this was the unofficial Kargil War and some border skirmishes.

Kargil war

During the winter months of 1998-99, the Indian army vacated its posts at very high peaks in Kargil sector in Kashmir as it used to do every year. Pakistani Army intruded across the line of control and occupied the posts. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ370N/B Battery

Indian army discovered this in May 1999 when the snow thawed. This resulted in intense fighting between Indian and Pakistani forces, known as the Kargil conflict. Backed by the Indian Air Force, the Indian Army regained some of the posts that Pakistan has occupied. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ37N/G Battery

Pakistan later withdrew from the remaining portion under international pressure.

Other territorial disputes

Pakistan is locked in other territorial disputes with India such as the Siachen Glacier and Kori Creek. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ37N/P Battery

Pakistan is also currently having dialogue with India regarding the Baglihar Dam being built over the River Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir.

Water rights

The Indus Waters Treaty governs the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ37N/R Battery

Water is cited as one possible cause for a conflict between the two nations, but to date issues such as the Nimoo Bazgo Project have been resolved through diplomacy.^[14]

Bengal refugee crisis

In 1949, India recorded close to 1 million Hindu refugees, who flooded into West Bengal and other states from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), Sony VAIO VGN-TZ37N/X Battery

owing to communal violence, intimidation and repression from authorities. The plight of the refugees outraged Hindus and Indian nationalists, and the refugee population drained the resources of Indian states, which were unable to absorb them. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ38N/X Battery

While not ruling out war, Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel invited Liaquat Ali Khan for talks in Delhi. Although many Indians termed this appeasement, Nehru signed a pact with Liaquat Ali Khan that pledged both nations to the protection of minorities and creation of minority commissions. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ398U/XC Battery

Although opposed to the principle, Patel decided to back this Pact for the sake of peace, and played a critical role in garnering support from West Bengal and across India, and enforcing the provisions of the Pact. Khan and Nehru also signed a trade agreement, and committed to resolving bilateral disputes through peaceful means. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ50B Battery

Steadily, hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East Pakistan, but the thaw in relations did not last long, primarily owing to the Kashmir dispute.

Afghanistan

Both Pakistan and India consider their relations with Afghanistan as most important relations with any other country. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ90HS Battery

Both countries have fought proxy wars against each other, and both countries are reportedly making an extensive efforts to gain influence on Afghan Government for their own regional interests. TheSoviet Union in 1979 intervened to protect the fragile communist government and prevent the collapse of Sony VAIO VGN-TZ90NS Battery

Afghanistan Soviet Socialist Republic (Afghanistan SSR)into the hands of hard-line Islamist forces. With the deployment of Soviet Union's 40th Army, new strains appeared in Indo-Pakistani relations, and proxy war between India and Pakistan began to take place first time in Afghanistan. Sony VAIO VGN-TZ90S Battery

Pakistan, with the backing of the United States, actively supported the Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union, which was a close ally of India, which brought opposing political opinions. India, on other hand, supported the communist government and vital support to communist government was provided by India. Sony VAIO VPC CW2MFX/PU Battery

After the Taliban defeated the Northern Alliance in much of Afghanistan in 1996 in civil war, the Taliban regime was strongly supported by Pakistan – one of the three countries to do so – before the September 11 attacks. India firmly opposed the Taliban and criticized Pakistan for supporting it. Sony VAIO VPC S11V9E/B Battery

India established its links with Northern Alliance as India officially recognized their government, with the United Nations. India's relations with Afghanistan, Pakistan's neighbour, and its increasing presence there has irked Pakistan. Sony VAIO VPCB119GJ/B Battery

The 2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul was a suicide bomb terror attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan on 7 July 2008 at 8:30 AM local time.^[15] U.S. intelligence officials suggested that Pakistan's ISI intelligence agency had planned the attack.^[16] Sony VAIO VPCB11AGJ Battery

Pakistan tried to deny any responsibility,^[16][17] but United States President George W. Bush confronted Pakistani Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani with evidence and warned him that in the case of another such attack he would have to take "serious action".^[18] Sony VAIO VPCB11AVJ Battery

Pakistan has been accused by India, Afghanistan, the United States,^[19][20] the United Kingdom,^[21] of involvement in terrorism in Kashmir and Afghanistan.^[22] In July 2009, current President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari admitted that the Pakistani government had "created and nurtured" terrorist groups to achieve its short-term foreign policy goals.^[23] Sony VAIO VPCB11V9E Battery

According to an analysis published by Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings Institution in 2008 Pakistan was the world's "most active" state sponsor of terrorism including aiding groups and Pakistan has long aided a range of terrorist groups fighting against India inKashmir and is a major sponsor of Taliban forces fighting the U.S.-backed government in Afghanistan.^[24]Sony VAIO VPCB11X9E Battery

Insurgency in Kashmir

According to some reports published by the Council of Foreign Relations, the Pakistan military and the ISI have provided covert support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the al-Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed".^[25][26] Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/P Battery

Pakistan has denied any involvement in terrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides political and moral support to the secessionist groups who wish to escape Indian rule. Many Kashmiri militant groups also maintain their headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which is cited as further proof by the Indian government. Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/R Battery

Many of the terrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names.^[27]

According to an analysis published by Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings Institution, Sony VAIO VPCCW18FJ/W Battery

Pakistan was the world's "most active" state sponsor of terrorism including aiding groups and Pakistan has long aided a range of terrorist groups fighting against India in Kashmir and is a major sponsor of Taliban forces.^[24]

Author Gordon Thomas stated that Pakistan "still sponsored terrorist groups in the disputed state of Kashmir, Sony VAIO VPCCW19FJ/W Battery

funding, training and arming them in their war on attrition against India."^[28] Journalist Stephen Suleyman Schwartz notes that several militant and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state."^[29] Sony VAIO VPCCW1AFJ Battery

List of some insurgent attacks

Insurgents attack on Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly: A car bomb exploded near the Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly on 1 October 2001, killing 27 people on an attack that was blamed on Kashmiri separatists. Sony VAIO VPCCW1AHJ Battery

It was one of the most prominent attacks against India apart from on the Indian Parliament in December 2001. The dead bodies of the terrorists and the data recovered from them revealed that Pakistan was solely responsible for the activity.^[3] Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E Battery

• 1997 Sangrampora massacre: On 21 March 1997, 7 Kashmiri Pandits were killed in Sangrampora village in the Budgam district.

Wandhama Massacre: In January 1998, 24 Kashmiri Pandits living in the city Wandhama were killed by Islamic terrorists. Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/B Battery

Qasim Nagar Attack: On 13 July 2003, armed men believed to be a part of the Lashkar-e-Toiba threw hand grenades at the Qasim Nagar market in Srinagar and then fired on civilians standing nearby killing twenty-seven and injuring many more.^[4] Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/L Battery

Assassination of Abdul Ghani Lone: Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent All Party Hurriyat Conference leader, was assassinated by an unidentified gunmen during a memorial rally in Srinagar. The assassination resulted in wide-scale demonstrations against the Indian occupied-forces for failing to provide enough security cover for Mr. Lone.^[5] Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/P Battery

20 July 2005 Srinagar Bombing: A car bomb exploded near an armoured Indian Army vehicle in the famous Church Lane area in Srinagar killing four Indian Armypersonnel, one civilian and the suicide bomber. Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/R Battery

• Terrorist group Hizbul Mujahideen, claimed responsibility for the attack.^[6]

Budshah Chowk attack: A terrorist attack on 29 July 2005 at Srinigar's city centre, Budshah Chowk, killed two and left more than 17 people injured. Most of those injured were media journalists.^[7] Sony VAIO VPCCW1S1E/W Battery

• Murder of Ghulam Nabi Lone: On 18 October 2005 suspected man killed Jammu and Kashmir's then education minister Ghulam Nabi Lone. No Terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attack. ^[8]

Human rights violations by India

Pakistan has accused India of gross human rights violations in Indian-administered Kashmir. Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/B Battery

 A report by the Human Rights Watch stated two main reasons for the improving human rights condition in the region: First, sincere efforts were made by the new Jammu and Kashmir state government headed by Mufti Muhammad Sayeedto investigate cases of human rights abuses 
Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/L Battery

in the state and to punish those guilty including Indian soldiers. More than 15 Indian army soldiers were convicted by the Indian government in 2004 for carrying out human rights abuses in the state. Second, the decrease in cross-border infiltration into India by armed insurgents.^[9] Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/R Battery

Insurgent activities elsewhere

The attack on the Indian Parliament was by far the most dramatic attack carried out allegedly by Pakistani terrorists. India blamed Pakistan for carrying out the attacks, Sony VAIO VPCCW21FX/W Battery

an allegation which Pakistan strongly denied and one that brought both nations to the brink of a nuclear confrontation in 2001–02. However, international peace efforts ensured the cooling of tensions between the two nuclear-capable nations. Sony VAIO VPCCW26EC Battery

Apart from this, the most notable was the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC 814 en route New Delhi from Kathmandu, Nepal. The plane was hijacked on 24 December 1999 approximately one hour after take off and was taken to Amritsar airport and then to Lahore in Pakistan. Sony VAIO VPCCW26FX/B Battery

After refueling the plane took off forDubai and then finally landed in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Under intense media pressure, New Delhi complied with the hijackers' demand and freed Maulana Masood Azhar from its captivity in return for the freedom of the Indian passengers on the flight. Sony VAIO VPCCW28EC Battery

The decision, however, cost New Delhi dearly. Maulana, who is believed to be hiding in Karachi, later became the leader of Jaish-e-Mohammed, an organisation which has carried out several terrorist acts against Indian security forces in Kashmir.^[10]

On 22 December 2000, a group of terrorists belonging to the Lashkar-e-Toiba stormed the famous Red Fort in New Delhi. Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/P Battery

The Fort houses an Indian military unit and a high-security interrogation cell used both by the Central Bureau of Investigation and the Indian Army. The terrorists successfully breached the security cover around the Red Fort and opened fire at the Indian military personnel on duty killing two of them on spot. Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/R Battery

The attack was significant because it was carried out just two days after the declaration of the cease-fire between India and Pakistan.^[11]

In 2002, India claimed again that terrorists from Jammu and Kashmir were infiltrating into India, a claim denied by Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf, Sony VAIO VPCCW28FJ/W Battery

who claimed that such infiltration had stopped—India's spokesperson for the External Affairs Ministry did away with Pakistan's claim, calling it "terminological inexactitude."^[30] Only two months later, two Kashmiri terrorists belonging to Jaish-e-Mohammed raided the Swami Narayan temple complex in Ahmedabad, Sony VAIO VPCCW29FJ/W Battery

Gujaratkilling 30 people, including 18 women and five children. The attack was carried out on 25 September 2002, just few days after state elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir. Two identical letters found on both the terrorists claimed that the attack was done in retaliation for the deaths of thousands of Muslims during the Gujarat riots.^[12] Sony VAIO VPCCW2AFJ Battery

Two car bombs exploded in south Mumbai on 25 August 2003; one near the Gateway of India and the other at the famous Zaveri Bazaar, killing at least 48 and injuring 150 people. Though no terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attacks, Mumbai Police and RAW suspected Lashkar-e-Toiba's hand in the twin blasts.^[13] Sony VAIO VPCCW2AHJ Battery

In an unsuccessful attempt, six terrorists belonging to Lashkar-e-Toiba, stormed the Ayodhya Ram Janmbhomi complex on 5 July 2005. Before the terrorists could reach the main disputed site, they were shot down by Indian security forces. One Hindu worshipper and two policemen were injured during the incident.^[14] Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E Battery

The Indian intelligence agency RAW is claimed to be working in cover to malign Pakistan and train & support insurgents for Balochistan conflict.

2007 Samjhauta Express bombings

The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings was a terrorist attack targeted on the Samjhauta Express train on 18 February. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/B Battery

The Samjhauta Express is an international train that runs from New Delhi, India to Lahore, Pakistan, and is one of two trains to cross the India-Pakistan border. At least 68 people were killed, mostly Pakistani civilians but also some Indian security personnel and civilians.^[35] Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/L Battery

Prasad Shrikant Purohit, an Indian Army officer and leader of a shadowy Hindu fundamentalist group, was later identified and investigated as a key suspect responsible for the bombing. The attack was a turning point in Indo-Pakistani relations, Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/P Battery

and one of the many terrorist incidents that have plagued relations between the two.

2008 Mumbai attacks

The 2008 Mumbai attacks by ten Pakistani terrorists killed over 173 and wounded 308. Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/R Battery

The sole surviving gunman Ajmal Kasab who was arrested during the attacks was found to be a Pakistani national. This fact was acknowledged by Pakistani authorities.^[36] In May 2010, an Indian court convicted him on four counts ofmurder, waging war against India, Sony VAIO VPCCW2S1E/W Battery

conspiracy and terrorism offences, and sentenced him to death.^[37]

India blamed the Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based militant group, for planning and executing the attacks. Islamabad resisted the claims and demanded evidence. India provided evidence in the form of interrogations, weapons, candy wrappers, Sony VAIO VPCCW2S5C CN1 Battery

Pakistani Brand Milk Packets, and telephone sets.^[38] Indian officials demanded Pakistan extradite suspects for trial. They also said that, given the sophistication of the attacks, the perpetrators "must have had the support of some official agencies in Pakistan".^[39] Sony VAIO VPCF112FX/B Battery

Nuclear programmes

India voiced increasing concern over Pakistani arms purchases, U.S. military aid to Pakistan, and a clandestine nuclear weapons programme. In an effort to curtail tensions, the two countries formed a joint commission to examine disputes. Sony VAIO VPCF115FG/B Battery

In December 1988, Prime Ministers Benazir Bhutto and Rajiv Gandhi concluded a pact not to attack each other's nuclear facilities. Agreements on cultural exchanges and civil aviation were also initiated.

In May 1998 India, and then Pakistan, conducted nuclear tests. Sony VAIO VPCF116FGBI Battery

Simla Agreement

After the 1971 war, Pakistan and India made slow progress towards the normalisation of relations. In July 1972, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto met in the Indian hill station of Simla. Sony VAIO VPCF117FJ/W Battery

They signed the Simla Agreement, by which India would return all Pakistani personnel (over 90,000) and captured territory in the west, and the two countries would "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations." Diplomatic and trade relations were also re-established in 1976. Sony VAIO VPCF117HG/BI Battery

Talks and other confidence building measures

In 1997, high-level Indo-Pakistan talks resumed after a three-year pause. The Prime Ministers of Pakistan and India met twice and the foreign secretaries conducted three rounds of talks. 
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In June 1997, the foreign secretaries identified eight "outstanding issues" around which continuing talks would be focused. The dispute over the status of Kashmir, (referred by India as Jammu and Kashmir), an issue since Independence, remains the major stumbling block in their dialogue. Sony VAIO VPCF119FC Battery

India maintains that the entire former princely state is an integral part of the Indian union, while Pakistan insists that UN resolutions calling for self-determination of the people of the state/province must be taken into account. It however refuses to abide by the previous part of the resolution, Sony VAIO VPCF119FC/BI Battery

which calls for it to vacate all territories occupied.

In September 1997, the talks broke down over the structure of how to deal with the issues of Kashmir, and peace and security. Pakistan advocated that the issues be treated by separate working groups. Sony VAIO VPCF119FJ/BI Battery

India responded that the two issues be taken up along with six others on a simultaneous basis.

Attempts to restart dialogue between the two nations were given a major boost by the February 1999 meeting of both Prime Ministers in Lahore and their signing of three agreements. Sony VAIO VPCF11AFJ Battery

A subsequent military coup in Pakistan that overturned the democratically elected Nawaz Sharif government in October of the same year also proved a setback to relations.

In 2001, a summit was called in Agra; Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf turned up to meet Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. The talks fell through. Sony VAIO VPCF11AGJ Battery

On 20 June 2004, with a new government in place in India, both countries agreed to extend a nuclear testing ban and to set up a hotline between their foreign secretaries aimed at preventing misunderstandings that might lead to a nuclear war.^[40]

Baglihar Dam issue was a new issue raised by Pakistan in 2005. Sony VAIO VPCF11AHJ Battery

Developments since 2004

After Dr. Manmohan Singh become prime minister of India in May 2004, the Punjab provincial Government declared it would develop Gah, his place of birth, as a model village in his honour and name a school after him.^[41] Sony VAIO VPCF11JFX/B Battery

There is also a village in India named Pakistan, despite occasional pressure over the years to change its name the villagers have resisted.^[42]

Violent activities in the region declined in 2004. There are two main reasons for this: Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E Battery

warming of relations between New Delhi and Islamabad which consequently lead to a ceasefire between the two countries in 2003 and the fencing of the LOC being carried out by the Indian Army. Moreover, coming under intense international pressure, Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H Battery

Islamabad was compelled to take actions against the militants' training camps on its territory. In 2004, the two countries also agreed upon decreasing the number of troops present in the region.

Under pressure, Kashmiri militant organisations made an offer for talks and negotiations with New Delhi, which India welcomed.Sony VAIO VPCF11MFX/B Battery

India's Border Security Force blamed the Pakistani military for providing cover-fire for the terrorists whenever they infiltrated into Indian territory from Pakistan. Pakistan in turn has also blamed India for providing support to terrorist organizations operating in Pakistan such as the BLA. Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E Battery

In 2005, Pakistan's information minister, Sheikh Rashid, was alleged to have run a terrorist training camp in 1990 in N.W. Frontier, Pakistan. The Pakistani government dismissed the charges against its minister as an attempt to hamper the ongoing peace process between the two neighbours. Sony VAIO VPCF11S1E/B Battery

Both India and Pakistan have launched several mutual confidence-building measures (CBMs) to ease tensions between the two. These include more high-level talks, easing visa restrictions, and restarting of cricket matches between the two. Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E Battery

The new bus service between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad has also helped bring the two sides closer. Pakistan and India have also decided to co-operate on economic fronts.

Some improvements in the relations are seen with the re-opening Sony VAIO VPCF11Z1E/BI Battery

of a series of transportation networks near the India–Pakistan border, with the most important being bus routes and railway lines.

A major clash between Indian security forces and militants occurred when a group of insurgents tried to infiltrate into Kashmir from Pakistan in July 2005. Sony VAIO VPCF11ZHJ Battery

The same month also saw a Kashmiri militant attack on Ayodhya and Srinagar. However, these developments had little impact on the peace process.

An Indian man held in Pakistani prisons since 1975 as an accused spy walked across the border to freedom 3 March 2008, Sony VAIO VPCF127HGBI Battery

an unconditional release that Pakistan said was done to improve relations between the two countries.^[43]

In 2006, a "Friends Without Borders" scheme began with the help of two British tourists. Sony VAIO VPCF137HG/BI Battery

The idea was that Indian and Pakistani children would make pen pals and write friendly letters to each other. The idea was so successful in both countries that the organisation found it "impossible to keep up". The World's Largest Love Letter was recently sent from India to Pakistan.^[44] Sony VAIO VPCS111FM/S Battery

In December 2010, several Pakistani newspapers published stories about India's leadership and relationship with militants in Pakistan that the papers claimed were found in the United States diplomatic cables leak. A British newspaper, The Guardian, Sony VAIO VPCS115EC Battery

which had the Wikileaks cables in its possession reviewed the cables and concluded that the Pakistani claims were "not accurate" and that "WikiLeaks [was] being exploited for propaganda purposes."^[45]

On 10 February 2011, India agreed to resume talks with Pakistan which were suspended after 26/11 Mumbai Attacks.^[46] Sony VAIO VPCS115FG Battery

India had put on hold all the diplomatic relations saying it will only continue if Pakistan will act against the accused of Mumbai attacks.

On April 13, 2012 following a thaw in relations whereby India gained MFN status in the country, Sony VAIO VPCS117GG Battery

India announced the removal of restrictions on FDI investment from Pakistan to India.^[47]

2001 Gujarat Earthquake in India

Pakistani President Pervez Mushrraf sent a plane load of relief supplies to India from Islamabad to Ahmedabad.^[48] Sony VAIO VPCS117GGB Battery

That carried 200 tents and more than 2,000 Blankets.^[49] Furthermore the President called Indian PM to express his 'sympathy' over the loss from the earthquake.^[50]

2005 Earthquake in Pakistan

India offered generous aid to Pakistan in response to the 2005 Earthquake. Sony VAIO VPCS118EC Battery

Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners consulted with one another regarding cooperation in relief work. India sent 25 tonnes of relief material to Pakistan including food, blankets and medicine. Large Indian companies such as Infosyshave offered aid up to $226,000. Sony VAIO VPCS119FJ/B Battery

On 12 October, an Ilyushin-76 cargo plane ferried across seven truckloads (about 82 tons) of army medicines, 15,000 blankets and 50 tents and returned to New Delhi. A senior airforce official also stated that they had been asked by the Indian government to be ready to fly out another similar consignment.^[51] Sony VAIO VPCS119GC Battery

On 14 October, India dispatched the second consignment of relief material to Pakistan, by train through the Wagah Border. The consignment included 5,000 blankets, 370 tents, 5 tons of plastic sheets and 12 tons of medicine. A third consignment of medicine and relief material was also sent shortly afterwards by train.^[52] Sony VAIO VPCS11AFJ Battery

India also pledged $25 million as aid to Pakistan.^[53] India opened the first of three points at Chakan Da Bagh, in Poonch, on the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake relief work. (Rediff) Such generous gestures signalled a new age in confidence, friendliness and cooperation between both India and Pakistan. Sony VAIO VPCS11AGJ Battery

Fugitives

India has accused some of the most wanted Indian fugitives, such as Dawood Ibrahim, of having a presence in Pakistan. On 11 May 2011, India released a list of 50 "Most Wanted Fugitives" hiding in Pakistan. 
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This was to tactically pressurize Pakistan after the killing of Osama bin Laden in his compound in Abbottabad.^[56]

After two errors in the list received publicity, the Central Bureau of Investigation removed it from their website pending a review.^[57] Sony VAIO VPCS11M1E/W Battery

After this incident the Pakistani interior ministry rejected the list of 50 Most Wanted men forwarded by India to Islamabad, saying it should first probe if those named in the list were even living in the country.^[58]

Cultural links

India and Pakistan, to some degree have similar cultures, cuisines and languages which underpin the historical ties between the two. Sony VAIO VPCS11V9E Battery

Pakistani singers, musicians, comedians and entertainers have enjoyed widespread popularity in India, with many achieving overnight fame in the Indian filming industry Bollywood. Likewise, Indian music and films are very popular in Pakistan. Sony VAIO VPCS11V9E/B Battery

Being located in the northernmost region of the South Asia, Pakistan's culture is somewhat similar to that of North India.

The Punjab region was split into Punjab, Pakistan and Punjab, India following the independence and partition of the two countries in 1947. Sony VAIO VPCS11X9E/B Battery

The Punjabi peopleare today the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and also an important ethnic group of northern India. The founder of the Sikhism religion was born in the modern-day Pakistani Punjab province, in the city of Nankana Sahib. Each year,Sony VAIO VPCS123FGB Battery

millions of Indian Sikh pilgrims cross over to visit holy Sikh sites in Nankana Sahib. The Sindhi people are the native ethnic group of the Pakistani province of Sindh. Many Hindu Sindhis migrated to India in 1947, making the country home to a sizable Sindhi community. Sony VAIO VPCS125EC Battery

In addition, the millions of Muslims who migrated from India to the newly-created Pakistan during independence came to be known as theMuhajir people; they are settled predominantly in Karachi and still maintain family links in India. Sony VAIO VPCS128EC Battery

Relations between Pakistan and India have also resumed through platforms such as media and communications. Aman ki Asha is a joint venture and campaign betweenThe Times of India and the Jang Group calling for mutual peace and development of diplomatic and cultural relations. Sony VAIO VPCS129GC Battery

Geographic links

The Indo-Pakistani border is the official international boundary that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab,Rajasthan and Gujarat from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. Sony VAIO VPCS12C7E/B Battery

The Wagah border is the only road crossing between India and Pakistan and lies on the famous Grand Trunk Road, connecting Lahore, Pakistan with Amritsar, India. Each evening, the Wagah border ceremony takes place at the Wagah border in which Sony VAIO VPCS12L9E/B Battery

the flags are lowered and guards on both sides make a pompous military display and exchange handshakes.

Linguistic ties

Hindi and Urdu are an Indo-Aryan language and the linga franca, as well as national language, of North India and Pakistan respectively. Sony VAIO VPCS12V9E/B Battery

Standard Urdu is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi. Both languages share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language. Most linguists consider them to be two standardized forms of a same language; Sony VAIO VPCY115FGS Battery

thus, a speaker of Urdu, the national language in Pakistan, can usually understand a speaker of Hindi, which is the primary official language of the Republic of India.

Apart from Hindi and Urdu, India and Pakistan also share a distribution of the Punjabi language, Kashmiri languageand Sindhi language. Sony VAIO VPCY115FX/BI Battery

Matrimonial ties

Some Indian and Pakistani people marry across the border, particularly with present generation of relatives who had migrated from India at the time of partition.

In April 2010 a high profile Pakistani cricketer, Shoaib Malik married the Indian tennis star Sania Mirza.^[59] Sony VAIO VPCY115FXBI Battery

 The wedding received much media attention and was said to transfix both India and Pakistan.

Cricket and hockey matches between the two (as well as other sports to a lesser degree such as those of the SAARC games) have often been political in nature. Sony VAIO VPCY118EC Battery

During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan General Zia-ul Haq traveled to India for a bout of "cricket diplomacy" to keep India from supporting the Soviets by opening another front. Pervez Musharaff also tried to do the same more than a decade later but to no avail. Sony VAIO VPCY118GX/BI Battery

In tennis, Rohan Bopanna of India and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi of Pakistan have formed a successful duo and have been dubbed as the "Indo-Pak Express."

Diasporic relations

The large size of the Indian diaspora and Pakistani diaspora in many different countries throughout the world has created strong diasporic relations. Sony VAIO VPCY119FJ/S Battery

British Indians and British Pakistanis, the largest and second-largest ethnic minorities living in the United Kingdom respectively, are said to have friendly relations with one another.^[62][63] It is quite common for a "Little India" and a "Little Pakistan" to co-exist in South Asian ethnic enclaves in overseas countries. Sony VAIO VPCY11AFJ Battery

There are various cities such as Birmingham, Blackburn and Manchester where British Indians and British Pakistanis live alongside each other in peace and harmony. Both Indians and Pakistanis living in the UK fit under the category of British Asian.Sony VAIO VPCY11AGJ Battery

The UK is also home to the Pakistan & India friendship forum.^[64] In the United States, Indians and Pakistanis are classified under the South Asian American category and share many cultural traits. The British MEP Saj Karim is of Pakistani origin. He is a member of the European Parliament Friends of India Group, Sony VAIO VPCY11AHJ Battery

Karim was also responsible for opening up Europe to free trade with India.^[65][66] He narrowly escaped the Mumbai attacks at Hotel Taj in November 2008. Despite the atrocity, Mr Karim does not wish the remaining killer Ajmal Kasab to be sentenced to death. Sony VAIO VPCY11AVJ Battery

He said: "I believe he had a fair and transparent trial and I support the guilty verdict. "But I am not a supporter of capital punishment. I believe he should be given a life sentence, but that life should mean life." Sony VAIO VPCY11M1E/S Battery

Re-evaluation

he insurgents who initially started their movement as a pro-Kashmiri independence movement, have gone through a lot of change in their ideology. Most of the insurgents portray their struggle as a religious one. Sony VAIO VPCY11S1E Battery

Indian analysts allege that by supporting these insurgents, Pakistan is trying to wage a proxy war against India while Pakistan claims that it regards most of these insurgent groups as "freedom fighters" rather than terrorists

Internationally known to be the most deadly theatre of conflict, Sony VAIO VPCY11V9E/S Battery

nearly 10 million people, including Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists, have been fighting a daily battle for survival. The cross-border firing between India and Pakistan, and the terrorist attacks combined have taken its toll on the Kashmiris, Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/BI Battery

who have suffered poor living standards and an erosion of human rights.

Transport between India and Pakistan has been developed for tourism and commercial purposes and bears much historical and political significance for both countries, Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/G Battery

which have possessed few transport links since the partition of India in 1947. In 1977, both nations launched the Samjhauta Express connecting the Indian city of Attari with the Pakistani city of Lahore. Since the successful launch of the Delhi-Lahore Bus in 1999, Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/L Battery

both nations have worked to established multiple bus and train services connecting cities across the borders in the Punjab region and Sindh as well as between Indian-administered Kashmir and Pakistan-administered Kashmir across the Line of Control (LoC) Sony VAIO VPCY218EC/P Battery

– the boundary line denoting rival areas of control in the disputed region of Kashmir, but which is not an official international border.

Background

The partition of India in 1947 led to the termination of most transport links between the newly-Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/L Battery

independent nations of India and Pakistan after the cross-migration of peoples was completed by the 1950s. The First Kashmir War had similarly divided the Himalayan region of Kashmir between the two rivals, causing termination of road links in the region. Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/P Battery

Kashmir and the international border in the divided region of Punjab were major theatres of war during the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971. The train connecting the Indian city of Jaipur with the Pakistani city of Karachi across the Thar Desert Sony VAIO VPCY21S1E/SI Battery

was destroyed when the Pakistani Air Force bombed the tracks during the 1965 war. ^[4] In the 1990s, the Line of Control (LoC) demarcating the informal boundary between Indian-administered Kashmir and Pakistan-administered Kashmir was the scene of exchanges of fire between Sony VAIO VPCCW2S5C CN1 Battery

Pakistani and Indian forces and infiltration of militants into Indian Kashmir. The Kargil War of 1999 broke out when Indian force sought to repel militants and Pakistani soldiers who had infiltrated across the LoC.

Train services

As per the Shimla Agreement of 1972 and in a bid to restore peaceful ties after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Sony VAIO VPCEA20 Battery

both nations launched the Samjhauta Express(Samjhauta means "accord" or "compromise" in Hindi and Urdu, the national languages of India and Pakistan respectively) connecting the Pakistani city of Lahorewith the Indian town of Attari, which is close proximity to the city of Amritsar.^[5] Sony VAIO VPCEB10 Battery

The Thar Express was launched to connect the Pakistani city of Karachithrough the Munabao station and the Indian city of Jaipur through the Khokhrapar station. ^[4] Plans and negotiations are underway to launch a train service connecting the Pakistani city of Sialkot with the Indian city of Jammu. Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM Battery

On February 18, 2007, 2 carriages of the train experienced alleged terrorist bombings near Panipat, Haryana in India. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombingsclaimed lives of 68 people.^[6] Both the Indian and Pakistani governments condemned the attack,Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/BI Battery

and officials on both sides speculated that the perpetrators intended to disrupt improving relations between the two nations.

The Thar Express is the other passenger railway link between the two countries, running from Karachi, Pakistan to Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/T Battery

It was not discontinued after Partition but was after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. On 18 February 2006, it was revived after a period of 41 years.

Delhi-Lahore Bus

The Delhi-Lahore Bus is a passenger bus service connecting the Indian capital of Delhi with the city of Lahore, Sony VAIO VPCEB11FM/WI Battery

Pakistan via the border transit post at Wagah, which is the only border crossing point between India and Pakistan opened for international travelers. The bus was of symbolic importance to the efforts of the governments of both nations to foster peaceful and friendly relations.^[7] Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX Battery

In its inaugural run on February 19, 1999, the bus carried the then-Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who was to attend a summit in Lahore and was received by his Pakistani counterpart, Nawaz Sharif at Wagah.^[7][8] Its official name is the Sada-e-Sarhad (Urdu for Call of the Frontier).^[8] Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/BI Battery

The duration of the entire journey is 8 hours, covering a distance of 530 km (329 mi).^[9] While the bus service had continued to run during the Kargil War of 1999, it was suspended in the aftermath of the 2001 Indian Parliament attack on December 13, 2001,Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/T Battery

which the Indian government accused Pakistan of instigating.^[10] The bus service was resumed on July 16, 2003 when bilateral relations had improved.^[8]

Transport across disputed Kashmir

In 2003, after a ceasefire in Kashmir improved bilateral relations, Sony VAIO VPCEB11FX/WI Battery

the two governments worked on the proposal for a bus connecting the city of Srinagar inIndian Kashmir to the city of Muzaffarabad in Pakistani Kashmir.^[1] The official agreement was promulgated on February 16, 2005 when the then-Indian Minister of External Affairs K. Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX Battery

Natwar Singh visited Pakistani President Pervez Musharaff in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.^[1] The decision was announced along with agreements on establishing the Thar Express train service. The bus runs a distance of 183 kilometres and was officially launched on April 7, Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/BI Battery

2005 and was flagged-off by theIndian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.^[1][3] The service was suspended for some time after 2005 Kashmir Earthquake due to aftereffect of road damage.

A bus service connecting Poonch (India) with Rawalkote (Pakistan) over 55 km was also launched on June 20, 2006. Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/T Battery

On June 5, 2008 the passenger quota on the Poonch-Rawalkote Bus was doubled. Bus services connecting Kargil (India) with Skardu (Pakistan), Jammu (India) with Sialkot (Pakistan) and Mirpur (Pakistan) are also being planned.^[11] [12] Sony VAIO VPCEB11GX/WI Battery

The Indian official position viewed the Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus service as a "humanitarian measure without prejudice" and not affecting the rival policies and stands of the two governments on the Kashmir conflict.^[1] To make the bus safe and fully operational, Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX Battery

the LoC would demined if and where necessary and other security arrangements would be made as well.^[1] Both governments announced that Indian and Pakistani citizens could travel anywhere in Indian Kashmir and Pakistani Kashmir, including the Northern Areas of Pakistan, Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/BI Battery

which are part of India's claim on Kashmir and pre-1947 Kashmir.^[1] In India, all citizens would have to apply at the Regional Passport Office in Srinagar, which was the designated authority to evaluate applications, verify identities and issue entry permits.^[1] Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/BIC Battery

Aerial links

Pakistan International Airlines operates non-stop flights between the Pakistani cities of Lahore and Karachi and the Indian cities of New Delhi and Mumbai. Air India, however, does not operate any such flights. Sony VAIO VPCEB12FX/T Battery

Pakistani low cost carrier Airblue has intentions to start a Mumbai-Karachi air route. However, this would require the airline to get designated, a status which only PIA enjoys currently. Under the bilateral civil aviation agreement, there are slots for 12 flights a week between India and Pakistan, currently entirely used by PIA. Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX Battery

Human rights abuse in Jammu and Kashmir, a disputed territory administered by India is an ongoing issue. The abuses range from mass killings, forced disappearances, rape and torture to political repression and suppression of freedom of speech.Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/BI Battery

The Indian central reserve police force and border security personal and various paramilitary groups have been accused and held accountable for committing severe human rights abuses.^[1][2] A WikiLeaks issue accused India of systemic human rights abuses it stated that Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/T Battery

US diplomats possessed evidence of the apparent wide spread use of torture by Indian police and security forces.^[3] Terrorist violence has resulted in ethnic cleansing of lakhs of Kashmiri Pandits ^[4] A US state government finding reports that the Indian army in Jammu and Kashmir, Sony VAIO VPCEB14FX/WI Battery

has carried out extrajudicial killings of innocent civilians and suspected insurgents, however the report has also mentioned killings and abuse being carried out by insurgents and separatists.

Indian Security Forces

International NGO's as well as the US State Department have documented human rights abuses including disappearances, Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM Battery

torture and arbitrary executions carried out during India's counter terrorism operations.^[4] Human Rights Watch has also accused the Indian security forces of using children as spies and messengers, although the Indian government denies this allegation.^[2] Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/BI Battery

The Telegraph, citing a WikiLeaks report quotes the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) that Indian security forces were physically abusing detainees by beatings, electrocutions and sexual interference. These detainees weren't Islamic insurgents or Pakistani-backed insurgents but civilians, Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/T Battery

in contrast to India's continual allegations of Pakistani involvement. The detainees were "connected to or believed to have information about the insurgents". According to ICRC, 681 of the 1296 detainees whom it interviewed claimed torture. Sony VAIO VPCEB15FM/WI Battery

US officials have been quoted reporting "terrorism investigations and court cases tend to rely upon confessions, many of which are obtained under duress if not beatings, threats, or in some cases torture."^[6] Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX Battery

Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958

Indian military forces in Jammu and Kashmir operate under emergency powers granted to them by the central government. Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/BI Battery

These powers have been used by the military to curtail civil liberties, prompting local support for the Kashmir independence movement and the right of Kashmiris to self-determination.^[7]

In July 1990 Indian military was given special powers under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/T Battery

1958 (AFSPA) that gives protection to Indian Armed Forces personnel from being prosecuted. This law is widely condemned by human rights groups.^[8][9] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillayhas urged India to repeal AFSPA and to investigate the disappearances in Kashmir. ^[10] Sony VAIO VPCEB15FX/WI Battery

Fake encounters

A BBC news-story reports on an interview with an anonymous security person's reaction to the 'fake encounter' of a carpenter in Ganderbal near Srinagar, for which seven Jammu and Kashmir state government policemen were charged with murder. Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX Battery

It describes 'fake encounter' killings as those in which security personnel kill someone in cold blood while claiming that the casulty occurred in a gun battle. The interviewee remarks that the security personnel comprise Kashmiris and "even surrendered militants", and that this fratricide was most unfortunate.^[11] Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/B Battery

In 2010 three men were reported missing proceeding these missing reports 3 men claimed to be militants were killed in a staged gun battle the army also claimed they had found Pakistani currency among the dead. The major was subsequently suspended and a senior soldier transferred from his post.^[12] Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/G Battery

In a major embarrassment for security forces in Jammu and Kashmir, the encounter in which a top LeT militant from Pakistan was said to have been killed was allegedly fake and the victim was a civilian.^[13] Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/L Battery

Mass graves

According to a state human rights, commission inquiry there are thousands of bullet-ridden bodies buried in unmarked graves in Jammu and Kashmir. Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/P Battery

Of the 2730 bodies uncovered so far 574 bodies were identified as missing locals in contrast to the Indian governments insistence that all the graves belong to foreign militants^[14] The British parliament commented on the recent discovery and expressed its sadness and regret of over 6,000 unmarked graves^[15] Sony VAIO VPCEB16FX/W Battery

Extra Judicial killing by security personnel and terrorists

A 2010 US state department reports major human rights problems included reported extrajudicial killings of persons in custody, killings of protesters by the government. It also reports that separatist insurgents and terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir, Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX Battery

the Northeastern States, and the Naxalite belt committed numerous serious abuses, including killing armed forces personnel, police, government officials, and civilians. Insurgents engaged in widespread torture, rape, beheadings, kidnapping, and extortion. Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/B Battery

The report quotes the Institute for Conflict Management in that 1,616 fatalities occurred as a result of arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life, this included members of security forces, individuals classified by the government as terrorists, and civilians,Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/G Battery

these statistics represent the entire country (India), for the year 2010, up to 17 October.^[5]

Separatist groups

Reports from Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the International Commission of Jurists confirmed Indian reports of systematic human rights violations by militants which claim Jammu and Kashmir to be part of Pakistan.^[4] Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/L Battery

The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) has also been blamed of carrying out human rights violations, ranging from kidnapping to ethnic cleansing of several hundred thousand Hindu Kashmiri Pandits.^[4]

In August 2000, militant groups killed 30 Hindu pilgrims in what became known as the 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre.^[16] Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/P Battery

The Indian government blamed theLashkar-e-Taiba for the killings.^[17][18] The BBC writes that "hundreds of Hindu labourers ha[d] been leaving the Kashmir Valley" in August 2000 due to targeted killings against Hindu workers.^[16] Sony VAIO VPCEB17FX/W Battery

Ethnic cleansing of Hindus and Sikhs

Post-1989, Kashmiri Pandits and other minority groups in Jammu and Kashmir have been targets of ethnic cleansing by Jihadi elements which India alleges and blames on the Inter-Services Intelligence.^[19] Sony VAIO VPCEB190X Battery

The Kashmiri Pandits, a community of Hindu Brahmins, then comprising 5% of the population of the state were the primary targets of Islamic militants, who also sought to also eliminate Kashmir's record of 5000 years of Hindu Sanskrit culture and scholarship as well as the tolerant indigenous multiculturalism referred to as Kashmiriat.^[20] Sony VAIO VPCEB19FX Battery

As many as 400,000 Kashmiri Pandits fled the state and ethnic violence is considered to have killed 30,000 people.^[21] Muslim paramilitaries raped, tortured and killed thousands of Kashmiri Pandits, burnt their temples, idols and holy books.^[20] Sony VAIO VPCEB19GX Battery

According to Bhatt a United Nations adviser, the houses of Kashmir Pandits have been burnt, many killed, and that there has been "an almost total ethnic cleansing of Kashmir Pandits from Kashmir by fundamentalist forces of terrorism organised and supported from Pakistan".^[22] Sony VAIO VPCEB1AFX Battery

Other minorities such as Kashmiri Sikhs were also targeted. According to Chitkara the killing of Sikhs near Anantnag in 2001, by the Jehadis was aimed at ethnic cleansing. Hindus have migrated from most of the Kashmir valley, Sikhs who form a very small percentage could be forced to migrate in the wake of such killings. Sony VAIO VPCEB1AFX/B Battery

The insurgency in Kashmir has existed in various forms. Thousands of lives have been lost since 1989 due to the intensification of both the insurgency and the fight against it.

A widespread armed insurgency started in Kashmir with the disputed 1987 election Sony VAIO VPCEB1AGX Battery

with some elements from the State's assembly forming militant wings which acted as a catalyst for the emergence of armed insurgency in the region.^[11][12]

The Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan has been accused by India of supporting and trainingmujahideen.^[13][14] to fight in Jammu and Kashmir.^[15][16] Sony VAIO VPCEB1AGX/BI Battery

According to official figures released in Jammu and Kashmir assembly, there were 3,400 disappearance cases and the conflict has left more than 47,000 people dead as of July 2009.However, the number of insurgency-related deaths in the state have fallen sharply since the start of a slow-moving peace process between India and Pakistan. Sony VAIO VPCEB1BGX Battery

After independence from colonial rule India and Pakistan fought a war over the princely state of Kashmir. At the end of the war India controlled the most valuable parts of Kashmir.^[18] While there were sporadic periods of violence there was no organized insurgency movement.^[19] Sony VAIO VPCEB1BGX/BI Battery

During this period legislative elections in Jammu and Kashmir were first held in 1951 and Sheikh Abdullah’s party stood unopposed.However Sheikh Abdullah would fall in and out of favour with the central government and would often be dismissed only to be re-appointed later on. Sony VAIO VPCEB1CGX Battery

This was a time of political instability in Jammu and Kashmir and it went through several periods of President's rule by the Federal Government.^[20]

1987–2004

After Sheikh Abdullah’s death, his son Farooq Abdullah took over as Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Sony VAIO VPCEB1CGX/BI Battery

Farooq Abdullah eventually fell out of favour with the Central Government and the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhihad him dismissed.^{[citation needed]} A year later Farooq Abdullah announced an alliance with the ruling Congress party for the elections of 1987.^[20] Sony VAIO VPCEB1DGX Battery

The elections were allegedly rigged in favour of Farooq Abdullah.^[20][21]

This led to the rise of an armed insurgency movement composed, in part, of those who unfairly lost elections.^[22]Pakistan supplied these groups with logistical support, arms, recuits and training. Sony VAIO VPCEB1DGX/BI Battery

2004–present

Beginning in 2004 Pakistan began to end its support for insurgents in Kashmir.^{[citation needed]} This happened because terrorist groups linked to Kashmir twice tried to assassinate Pakistani President General Pervez Musharraf.^[24] Sony VAIO VPCEB1EGX Battery

His successor, Asif Ali Zardari has continued the policy, calling insurgents in Kashmir “terrorists”.^[25] Although it is unclear if Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence, thought to be the agency aiding and controlling the insurgency is following Pakistan’s commitment to end support for the insurgency in Kashmir.^[25] Sony VAIO VPCEB1EGX/BI Battery

Despite the change in the nature of the insurgency from a phenomenon supported by external forces to a primarily domestic driven movementthe Indian government has continued to send large numbers of troops to the Indian border and to crack down on civil liberties. Sony VAIO VPCEB1FGX Battery

There have been widespread protests against Indian rule.^[28]

Once the most formidable face of Kashmir militancy, Hizbul Mujahideen is slowly fading away as its remaining commanders and cadres are being taken out on a regular interval by security forces. Sony VAIO VPCEB1FGX/BI Battery

Some analysts have suggested that the number of Indian troops in Jammu and Kashmir is close to 600,000 although estimates vary and the Indian government refuses to release official figures.^[33] These troops have engaged in widespread humanitarian abuses^[30] and have engaged in extrajudicial killings.^[31] Sony VAIO VPCEB1GGX Battery

This has led to support for the insurgency. However in October 2010, Army Chief Gen VK Singh stated in an interview that over 95% of the allegations of human rights violations proved to be false and had apparently been levelled with the "ulterior motive of maligning the armed forces".^[34] Sony VAIO VPCEB1GGX/BI Battery

 Giving details, he said 988 allegations against the Army personnel in Jammu and Kashmir were received since 1994. Out of these 965 cases were investigated and 940 were found false, accounting for 95.2 percent.^[34]

Military forces in Jammu and Kashmir operate under emergency powers granted to them by the central government. Sony VAIO VPCEB1HGX Battery

These powers allow the military to curtail civil liberties, creating further support for the insurgency.^[35]

The insurgents have also abused human rights, engaging in what some have called an ethnic cleansing.^[36] Sony VAIO VPCEB1HGX/BI Battery

 The government’s inability to protect the people from both its own troops and the insurgency has further eroded support for the government.^[37]

ISI's role

The Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence has allegedly encouraged Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX Battery

and aided the Kashmir independence movement through an insurgencydue to its dispute on the legitimacy of Indian rule in Kashmir, with the insurgency as an easy way to keep Indian troops distracted and cause international condemnation of India.^[18]Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/B Battery

Political rights

The insurgency was sparked by the rigging of state elections in 1987.^[20][21] This has contributed to anti-government sentiment.

A government report found that almost half of all Kashmiri Panchayat Raj Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/G Battery

positions were vacant and suggested that the reason for this was the destabilizing effect of the conflict. The Panchayat Raj is a system of elected village level governance created by the 73rd amendment to the Indian constitution. The report also noted that their ability to effectively govern was "crippled."^[39] Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/L Battery

There have been some signs in recent times that the Indian government has begun to take Kashmiri political views more seriously, especially those expressed through elections. During the Jammu and Kashmir state assembly elections, 2008 the national ruling party Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/P Battery

chose to form a coalition with the party that won the most votes in order to “honour the mandate” of the election even though it was contrary to their immediate interests.^[40]

Mujahideen influence

After the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union, Mujahideen fighters, with the aid of Pakistan, Sony VAIO VPCEB1JFX/W Battery

slowly infiltrated Kashmir with the goal of spreading a radical Islamist ideology.^[21]

Religion

Jammu and Kashmir is the only Muslim majority state in Hindu-majority India. Indian-American journalist Asra Nomani states that while India itself is a secular state, Sony VAIO VPCEB1KGX Battery

Muslims are politically, culturally and economically marginalized when compared to Hindus in India as a whole.^[41] The Government's decision to transfer 99 acres of forest land to a Hindu organization solidified this feeling and led to one of the largest protest rallies in Jammu and Kashmir.^[42] Sony VAIO VPCEB1KGX/B Battery

Other reasons

The Indian National Census shows that Kashmir lags behind other states in most socio-development indicators such as literacy rates and has unusually high levels of unemployment. This contributes to anti-government sentiment.^[43] Sony VAIO VPCEB1KGX/W Battery

Kunanposhspora mass rape

Kunan Poshpora Rape incident The Kunan Poshpora mass rape occurred on February 23, 1991, when units of the Indian army launched a search and interrogation operation in the village of Kunan Poshpora, Sony VAIO VPCEB1LFX Battery

located in Kashmir's remote Kupwara District. At least 53 women were allegedly gang raped by soldiers that night^[44]. However, Human Rights organizations including Human Rights Watch have reported that the number of raped women could be as high as 100 ^. Sony VAIO VPCEB1LFX/BI Battery

February 23, 1991, at least 23 and perhaps as many as 100 women were reported to have been raped in the village of Kunan Poshpora by soldiers of the Fourth Raj Rifles, who were posted in Kupwara. Although the Indian government's investigations into the incident rejected the allegations as "baseless," Sony VAIO VPCEB1LFX/WI Battery

international human rights organizations have expressed serious doubts about the integrity of these investigations and the manner in which they were conducted, stating that the Indian government launched a "campaign to acquit the army of charges of human rights violations and discredit those who brought the charges^. Sony VAIO VPCEB1MFX Battery

According to reports, on February 23, 1991 at approximately 11:00PM soldiers from the 4th Rajputana Rifles cordoned off the village of Kunan Poshpora to conduct a search operation. The men were taken from their homes and assembled in an open field for interrogation overnight.Once the men had been taken away, Sony VAIO VPCEB1MFX/BI Battery

soldiers allegedly gang raped a large number of village women overnight till 9:00 AM the next day. Local villagers alleged that up to 100 women "were gang-raped without any consideration of their age, married, unmarried, pregnancy etc.,^[50]" The victims ranged in age from 13 to 80. Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX Battery

The village headman and other leaders have claimed that they reported the rapes to army officials on February 27, but the officials denied the charges and refused to take any further action. However, army officials claim that no report was ever made. On March 5, villagers complained to Kupwara district magistrate S.M. Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX/B Battery

Yasin, who visited the village on March 7 to investigate. In his final report, he stated that the soldiers "behaved like wild beasts"[8] and described the attack as follows:

A large number of armed personnel entered into the houses of villagers and at gunpoint they gang-raped 23 ladies, Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX/L Battery

without any consideration of their age, married, unmarried, pregnancy etc… there was a hue and cry in the whole village.

He went on to state:

I found the villagers were harassed to the extreme possible extent. Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX/P Battery

In the morning after 9 a.m. when the Army left, the village men folk were released and when they entered their houses, they were shocked to see that the Army forces have gang raped their daughters, wives, sisters, etc. The armed forces have forcibly taken No Objection Certificate from the locals as well as from the local police after doing the illegal action…Sony VAIO VPCEB1NFX/W Battery

I feel ashamed to put in black and white what kind of atrocities and their magnitude was brought to my notice on the spot.

On March 18, divisional commissioner Wajahat Habibullah visited the village, and filed a confidential report, parts of which were later released to the public. Sony VAIO VPCEB1PFX Battery

He concluded:

"While the veracity of the complaint is highly doubtful, it still needs to be determined why such complaint was made at all. Sony VAIO VPCEB1PFX/B Battery

The people of the village are simple folk and by the Army’s own admission have been generally helpful and even careful of security of the Army’s officers… Unlike Brig. Sharma I found many of the village women genuinely angry … It is recommended that the level of investigation be upgraded to that of a gazetted police officer. Sony VAIO VPCEB1QGX Battery

In response to criticism of the government's handling of the investigation, the army requested the Press Council of India to investigate the incident. The investigative team visited Kunan Poshpora in June, more than three months after the alleged attacks.Sony VAIO VPCEB1QGX/BI Battery

Upon interviewing a number of the alleged victims, the team claimed that contradictions in their testimony rendered their allegations of rape "baseless. The Press Council's dismissal of all the Kunan Poshpora allegation, and the manner in which it carried out its investigation were widely criticized. Sony VAIO VPCEB1RGX Battery

Human Rights Watch wrote:

While the results of the examinations by themselves could not prove the charges of rape, they raised serious questions about the army's actions in Kunan Poshpora. Sony VAIO VPCEB1RGX/BI Battery

Under the circumstances, the committee's eagerness to dismiss any evidence that might contradict the government's version of events is deeply disturbing. In the end, the committee has revealed itself to be far more concerned about countering domestic and international criticism than about uncovering the truth^[52] Sony VAIO VPCEB20 Battery

The United States Department of State, in its 1992 report on international human rights, rejected the Indian government's conclusion, and determined that there was "was credible evidence to support charges that an elite army unit engaged in mass rape in the Kashmiri village of Kunan Poshpora.^[53] Sony VAIO VPCEC20 Battery

Following the release of the Press Council's report, Indian authorities dismissed all of the allegations of mass rape as groundless. No further investigations were conducted.

In 1994, a Women’s Initiative report featured the testimony of several of the alleged victims. Sony VAIO VPCEE20 Battery

Many complained of social ostracism from their families and communities because of the "shame" of having been raped. Some of the alleged victims reportedly committed suicide after the incident. According to the report, not a single marriage proposal had been received for any women, Sony VAIO VPCEF20 Battery

raped or not, in the village for three years after the incident.

Over time the Indian government has increasingly relied on military presence and a curtailment of civil liberties to achieve its aims in Kashmir.^[30] The military has committed massive human rights violations.^[54] Sony VAIO VPCF112FX/B Battery

For most of the history of the insurgency the government paid little attention to the political views of the Kashmiri people. The government would often dissolve assemblies, arrest elected politicians and impose President’s rule. The government also rigged elections in 1987. Sony VAIO VPCF115FG/B Battery

 In recent times there have been signs that the government is taking local elections more seriously.^[40]

The government has also funnelled development aid to Kashmir and Kashmir has now become the biggest per capita receiver of Federal aid.^[55] Sony VAIO VPCF116FGBI Battery

Pakistan

The Pakistani central government originally supported, trained and armed the insurgency in Kashmir, however after groups linked to the Kashmiri insurgency twice attempted to assassinate President Pervez Musharraf, Musharraf decided to end support for such groups.^[24] Sony VAIO VPCF117FJ/W Battery

 His successor, Asif Ali Zardari has continued the policy, calling insurgents in Kashmir “terrorists”.^[25]

But the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence hasn't followed the lead of the government and has continued its support for insurgent groups in 
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Kashmir although Pakistani support for the insurgency has certainly waned.

Insurgents

Since around 2000 the ‘insurgency’ has become far less violent and has instead taken on the form of protests and marches.^[42] Certain groups have also chosen to lay down their arms and look for a peaceful resolution to the conflict.^[56] Sony VAIO VPCF118FJ/W Battery

Groups

The different insurgent groups have different aims in Kashmir. Some want complete independence from both India and Pakistan, others want unification with Pakistan and still others just want greater autonomy from the Indian government.^[57] Sony VAIO VPCF119FC Battery

A 2010 survey found that 43% in J&K would favour independence, with support for the independence movement unevenly distributed across the region.^[58]

Identity

Over the last two years, the militant group, Lashkar-e-Toiba has split into two factions: Al Mansurin and Al Nasirin. Sony VAIO VPCF119FC/BI Battery

Another new group reported to have emerged is the Save Kashmir Movement. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (formerly known as Harkat-ul-Ansar) and Lashkar-e-Toiba are believed to be operating from Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir and Muridke, Pakistan respectively. Sony VAIO VPCF119FJ/BI Battery

Other less well known groups are the Freedom Force and Farzandan-e-Milat. A smaller group, Al-Badr, has been active in Kashmir for many years and is still believed to be functioning. All Parties Hurriyat Conference, an organization that uses moderate means to press for the rights of the Kashmiris, Sony VAIO VPCF11AFJ Battery

is often considered as the mediator between New Delhi and insurgent groups.

Al-Qaeda

It is unclear if Al Qaeda has a presence in Jammu and Kashmir. Donald Rumsfield suggested that they were active^[59] and in 2002 the SAS hunted for Osama bin Laden in Jammu and Kashmir.^[60] Sony VAIO VPCF11AGJ Battery

Al Qaeda claims that it has established a base in Jammu and Kashmir^[61]

However there has been no evidence for any of these assertions.The Indian army also claims that there is no evidence of Al Qaeda presence in Jammu and Kashmir. Sony VAIO VPCF11AHJ Battery

Al Qaeda has established bases in Pakistani administered Kashmir and some, including Robert Gates have suggested that they have helped to plan attacks in India. Sony VAIO VPCF11JFX/B Battery,Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E Battery,Sony VAIO VPCF11M1E/H Battery