Alien (film),1979

Alien is a 1979 science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Tom Skerritt, Sigourney Weaver,Veronica Cartwright, Harry Dean Stanton, John Hurt, Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto. The film's title refers to its primaryantagonist: a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship. HP Pavilion dv2-1001et Battery

 Dan O'Bannonwrote the screenplay from a story by him and Ronald Shusett, drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror. The film was produced through Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox, with producers David Giler and Walter Hill making significant revisions and additions to the script. HP Pavilion dv2-1001xx Battery

The titular Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film.

Alien garnered both critical acclaim and box office success, receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, HP Pavilion dv2-1002au Battery

Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction for Scott, and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright,^[6] and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, along with numerous other award nominations.^[7] It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades, HP Pavilion dv2-1002ax Battery

being inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2002 for historical preservation as a film which is "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".In 2008 it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the HP Pavilion dv2-1002xx Battery

American Film Institute, and as the thirty-third greatest movie of all time by Empire magazine.

 The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels, comic books, video games, and toys, as well as three sequel and two prequel films. HP Pavilion dv2-1003au Battery

It also launched Weaver's acting career by providing her with her first lead role, and the story of her character Ripley's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens(1986), Alien 3 (1992), and Alien Resurrection (1997).^[12] HP Pavilion dv2-1003ax Battery

The subsequent prequels Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007) abandoned this theme in favor of a crossover with the Predator franchise. Scott began work on an Alien prequel in 2009, which developed into his 2012 film Prometheus. HP Pavilion dv2-1004au Battery

Plot

The commercial towing spaceship Nostromo is on a return trip from Thedus to Earth, hauling a refinery and twenty million tons of mineral ore, and carrying its seven-member crew in stasis. Upon receiving a transmission of unknown origin from a nearby planetoid, the ship's computer awakens the crew.^[13] HP Pavilion dv2-1004ax Battery

Acting on standing orders from their corporate employers, the crew detaches the Nostromo from the refinery and lands on the planetoid, resulting in some damage to the ship. Captain Dallas (Tom Skerritt), Executive Officer Kane (John Hurt), and Navigator Lambert (Veronica Cartwright) set out to investigate the signal's source while Warrant Officer Ripley (Sigourney Weaver), HP Pavilion dv2-1005au Battery

Science Officer Ash (Ian Holm), and Engineers Brett (Harry Dean Stanton) and Parker (Yaphet Kotto) stay behind to monitor their progress and make repairs.

Dallas, Kane, and Lambert discover that the signal is coming from a derelict alien spacecraft. HP Pavilion dv2-1005ax Battery

Inside it they find the remains of a large alien creature whose ribs appear to have been exploded outward from the inside. Meanwhile, the Nostromo's computer partially deciphers the signal transmission, which Ripley determines to be some type of warning. Kane discovers a vast chamber containing numerous eggs, one of which releases a creature that attaches itself to his face. HP Pavilion dv2-1005ee Battery

Dallas and Lambert carry the unconscious Kane back to the Nostromo, where Ash allows them inside against Ripley's orders to follow the ship's quarantineprotocol. They unsuccessfully attempt to remove the creature from Kane's face, discovering that its blood is an extremely corrosive acid. HP Pavilion dv2-1005ei Battery

Eventually the creature detaches on its own and is found dead. With the ship repaired, the crew resume their trip back to Earth.

Kane awakens seemingly unharmed, but during a meal before re-entering stasis he begins to choke and convulse until an alien creature bursts from his chest, killing him and escaping into the ship. HP Pavilion dv2-1006au Battery

Lacking conventional weapons, the crew attempt to locate and capture the creature by fashioning motion trackers,electric prods, and flamethrowers. Brett follows the crew's cat into a large room where the now-fully-grown Alien attacks him and disappears with his body into the ship's air shafts. HP Pavilion dv2-1006ax Battery

Dallas enters the shafts intending to force the Alien into an airlock where it can be expelled into space, but it ambushes him. Lambert implores the remaining crew members to escape in the ship's shuttle, but Ripley, now in command, explains that the shuttle will not support four people. HP Pavilion dv2-1007au Battery

Accessing the ship's computer, Ripley discovers that Ash has been ordered to return the Alien to the Nostromo's corporate employers even at the expense of the crew's lives. Ash attacks her, but Parker intervenes and decapitates him with a blow from a fire extinguisher, revealing Ash to be an android. HP Pavilion dv2-1008au Battery

Before Parker incinerates him, Ash predicts that the other crew members will not survive. The remaining three crew members plan to arm the Nostromo's self-destruct mechanism and escape in the shuttle, but Parker and Lambert are killed by the Alien while gathering the necessary supplies. HP Pavilion dv2-1009ax Battery

Ripley initiates the self-destruct sequence and heads for the shuttle with the cat, but finds the Alien blocking her way. She unsuccessfully attempts to abort the self-destruct, then returns to find the Alien gone and narrowly escapes in the shuttle as the Nostromo explodes. HP Pavilion dv2-1010au Battery

As she prepares to enter stasis, Ripley discovers that the Alien is aboard the shuttle. She puts on a space suit and opens the hatch, causing explosive decompression which forces the Alien to the open doorway. She shoots it with a grappling gun which propels it out, HP Pavilion dv2-1010ea Battery

but the gun is yanked from her hands and catches in the closing door, tethering the Alien to the shuttle. It attempts to crawl into one of the engines, but Ripley activates them and blasts the Alien into space. She then puts herself and the cat into stasis for the return trip to Earth. HP Pavilion dv2-1010ed Battery

Origins

While studying cinema at the University of Southern California, Dan O'Bannon had made a science fiction comedy film with directorJohn Carpenter and concept artist Ron Cobb entitled Dark Star.^[14] HP Pavilion dv2-1010eo Battery

The film included an alien which had been created using a spray-painted beach ball, and the experience left O'Bannon "really wanting to do an alien that looked real."^[14][15] A few years later he began working on a similar story that would focus more on horror: HP Pavilion dv2-1010ep Battery

"I knew I wanted to do a scary movie on a spaceship with a small number of astronauts", he later recalled, "Dark Star as a horror movie instead of a comedy."^[14] Ronald Shusett, meanwhile, was working on an early version of what would eventually become Total Recall.^[14][15] HP Pavilion dv2-1010et Battery

Impressed by Dark Star, he contacted O'Bannon and the two agreed to collaborate on their projects, choosing to work on O'Bannon's film first as they believed it would be less costly to produce.^[14][15] O'Bannon had written twenty-nine pages of a script entitled Memory comprising what would become the film's opening scenes: HP Pavilion dv2-1010ez Battery

a crew of astronauts awaken to find that their voyage has been interrupted because they are receiving a signal from a mysterious planetoid. They investigate and their ship breaks down on the surface.^[15][16] He did not yet, however, have a clear idea as to what the alien antagonist of the story would be.^[14] HP Pavilion dv2-1010la Battery

O'Bannon soon accepted an offer to work on a film adaptation of Dune, a project which took him to Paris for six months.^[14][17]Though the project ultimately fell through, it introduced him to several artists whose works gave him ideas for his science fiction story including Chris Foss, HP Pavilion dv2-1011au Battery

H. R. Giger, and Jean "Moebius" Giraud.^[16] O'Bannon was impressed by Foss' covers for science fiction books, while he found Giger's work "disturbing":^[14] "His paintings had a profound effect on me. I had never seen anything that was quite as horrible and at the same time as beautiful as his work. HP Pavilion dv2-1011ax Battery

And so I ended up writing a script about a Giger monster."^[16] After the Dune project collapsed O'Bannon returned to Los Angeles to live with Shusett and the two revived his Memory script. Shusett suggested that O'Bannon use one of his other film ideas, about gremlins infiltrating a B-17 bomber during World War II, HP Pavilion dv2-1012au Battery

and set it on the spaceship as the second half of the story.^[16][17] Theworking title of the project was now Star Beast, but O'Bannon disliked this and changed it to Alien after noting the number of times that the word appeared in the script. He and Shusett liked the new title's simplicity and its double meaning as both a noun and adjective. HP Pavilion dv2-1013ax Battery

Shusett came up with the idea that one of the crew members could be implanted with an alien embryo that would later burst out of him, feeling that this was an interesting plot device by which the alien creature could get aboard the ship.

In writing the script, O'Bannon drew inspiration from many previous works of science fiction and horror. HP Pavilion dv2-1014au Battery

He later stated that "I didn't steal Alien from anybody. I stole it from everybody!"^[19] The Thing from Another World (1951) inspired the idea of professional men being pursued by a deadly alien creature through a claustrophobic environment.^[19] HP Pavilion dv2-1015ax Battery

 Forbidden Planet (1956) gave O'Bannon the idea of a ship being warned not to land, and then the crew being killed one by one by a mysterious creature when they defy the warning.^[19] Planet of the Vampires (1965) contains a scene in which the heroes discover a giant alienskeleton; HP Pavilion dv2-1015ee Battery

this influenced the Nostromo crew's discovery of the alien creature in the derelict spacecraft.^[19] O'Bannon has also noted the influence of "Junkyard" (1953), a short story by Clifford D. Simak in which a crew lands on an asteroid and discovers a chamber full of eggs.^[15] HP Pavilion dv2-1015ei Battery

He has also cited as influences Strange Relations by Philip José Farmer (1960), which covers alien reproduction, and various EC Comics horror titles carrying stories in which monsters eat their way out of people.^[15]

With roughly eighty-five percent of the plot completed, HP Pavilion dv2-1016ax Battery

Shusett and O'Bannon presented their initial script to several studios,^[14] pitching it as "Jaws in space."^[20] They were on the verge of signing a deal with Roger Corman's studio when a friend offered to find them a better deal and passed the script on toWalter Hill, HP Pavilion dv2-1017ax Battery

 David Giler, and Gordon Carroll, who had formed a production company called Brandywine with ties to 20th Century Fox.^[14][21] O'Bannon and Shusett signed a deal with Brandywine, but Hill and Giler were not satisfied with the script and made numerous rewrites and revisions to it. HP Pavilion dv2-1018ax Battery

This caused tension with O'Bannon and Shusett, since Hill and Giler had very little experience with science fiction and according to Shusett: "They weren't good at making it better, or in fact at not making it even worse."^[14] O'Bannon believed that they were attempting to justify taking his name off of the script and claiming it as their own.^[14] HP Pavilion dv2-1019ax Battery

Hill and Giler did add some substantial elements to the story, however, including the android character Ash which O'Bannon felt was an unnecessary subplot,^[23] but which Shusett later described as "one of the best things in the movie...That whole idea and scenario was theirs."^[14] HP Pavilion dv2-1020ax Battery

In total Hill and Giler went through eight different drafts of the script, mostly concentrating on the Ash subplot but also making the dialogue more natural and trimming some sequences set on the alien planetoid.^[24]

Despite the multiple rewrites, 20th Century Fox did not express confidence in financing a science fiction film. HP Pavilion dv2-1020ca Battery

However, after the success of Star Wars in 1977 the studio's interest in the genre rose substantially. According to Carroll: "When Star Wars came out and was the extraordinary hit that it was, suddenly science fiction became the hot genre." O'Bannon recalled that "They wanted to follow through on Star Wars, HP Pavilion dv2-1020ef Battery

and they wanted to follow through fast, and the only spaceship script they had sitting on their desk was Alien".^[14] Alien was greenlit by 20th Century Fox at an initial budget of $4.2 million.^[14][24]

Direction and design

O'Bannon had originally assumed that he would direct Alien, but 20th Century Fox instead asked Hill to direct. HP Pavilion dv2-1020el Battery

 Hill declined due to other film commitments as well as not being comfortable with the level of visual effects that would be required.^[26] Peter Yates, Jack Clayton, and Robert Aldrich were considered for the task, but O'Bannon, Shusett, and the Brandywine team felt that these directors would not take the film seriously and would instead treat it as a B monster movie. HP Pavilion dv2-1020er Battery

Giler, Hill, and Carroll had been impressed by Ridley Scott's debut feature film The Duellists (1977) and made an offer to him to direct Alien, which Scott quickly accepted.^[16][27] Scott created detailed storyboards for the film in London, which impressed 20th Century Fox enough to double the film's budget from $4.2 million to $8.4 million.^[25][28HP Pavilion dv2-1020es Battery

 His storyboards included designs for the spaceship and space suits, drawing influences from films such as 2001: A Space Odyssey and Star Wars.^[28]However, he was keen on emphasizing horror in Alien rather than fantasy, describing the film as "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre of science fiction".^[25][27] HP Pavilion dv2-1020et Battery

O'Bannon introduced Scott to the artwork of H. R. Giger; both of them felt that his painting Necronom IV was the type of representation they wanted for the film's antagonist and began asking the studio to hire him as a designer.^[25][27] 20th Century Fox initially believed Giger's work was too ghastly for audiences, but the Brandywine team were persistent and eventually won out.^[27] HP Pavilion dv2-1020la Battery

According to Gordon Carroll: "The first second that Ridley saw Giger's work, he knew that the biggest single design problem, maybe the biggest problem in the film, had been solved."^[25] Scott flew to Zürich to meet Giger and recruited him to work on all aspects of the Alien and its environment including the surface of the planetoid, HP Pavilion dv2-1021ax Battery

the derelict spacecraft, and all four forms of the Alien from the egg to the adult.

Casting

Casting calls and auditions for Alien were held in both New York and London.^[28] With only seven human characters in the story, Scott sought to hire strong actors so he could focus most of his energy on the film's visual style.^[28] HP Pavilion dv2-1022ax Battery

He employed casting director Mary Selway, who had worked with him on The Duellists, to head the casting in the United Kingdom, while Mary Goldberg handled casting in the United States. In developing the story O'Bannon had focused on writing the Alien first, putting off developing the characters for a later draft.^[25] HP Pavilion dv2-1023ax Battery

He and Shusett had therefore written all of the roles as generic males with a note in the script explicitly stating "The crew is unisex and all parts are interchangeable for men or women."^[31][33] This left Scott, Selway, and Goldberg free to interpret the characters as they liked and to cast accordingly. HP Pavilion dv2-1024ax Battery

They wanted the Nostromo's crew to resemble working astronauts in a realistic environment, a concept summed up as "truckers in space".^[28][31] According to Scott, this concept was inspired partly by Star Wars, which deviated from the pristine future often depicted in science fiction films of the time. HP Pavilion dv2-1025ax Battery

The principal cast members of Alien were:

Bolaji Badejo as The Alien. A Nigerian design student, Badejo was discovered in a bar by a member of the casting team, who put him in touch with Ridley Scott. HP Pavilion dv2-1026ax Battery

Scott believed that Badejo, at 7 feet 2 inches (218 cm) and with a slender frame, could portray the Alien and look as if his arms and legs were too long to be real, creating the illusion that there could not possibly be a human being inside the costume. HP Pavilion dv2-1027ax Battery

•  Stuntmen Eddie Powell and Roy Scammell also portrayed the Alien in some scenes.

Veronica Cartwright as Lambert, the Nostromo's navigator. Cartwright had previous experience in horror and science fiction films, having acted in The Birds (1963) and Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978). HP Pavilion dv2-1028ax Battery

She originally read for the role of Ripley, and was not informed that she had instead been cast as Lambert until she arrived in London for wardrobe. She disliked the character's emotional weakness,^[36] but nevertheless accepted the role: HP Pavilion dv2-1029ax Battery

• "They convinced me that I was the audience's fears; I was a reflection of what the audience is feeling."^[31] Cartwright won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.^[6][7]

Ian Holm as Ash, the ship's Science Officer who is revealed to be an android under orders to bring the Alien back to theNostromo's corporate employers. HP Pavilion dv2-1030ax Battery

• Holm, a character actor who by 1979 had already been in twenty films, was the most experienced actor cast for Alien.^[23]

John Hurt as Kane, the Executive Officer who becomes the host for the Alien. HP Pavilion dv2-1030en Battery

Hurt was Scott's first choice for the role but was contracted on a film in South Africa during Alien's filming dates, so Jon Finch was cast as Kane instead.^[36] However, Finch became ill during the first day of shooting and was diagnosed with severe diabetes, which had also exacerbated a case of bronchitis.^[40] HP Pavilion dv2-1030ew Battery

•  Hurt was in London by this time, his South African project having fallen through, and he quickly replaced Finch.^[31][40] His performance earned him a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.^[7]

Yaphet Kotto as Parker, the Chief Engineer. HP Pavilion dv2-1030us Battery

Kotto, an African American, was chosen partly to add diversity to the cast and give the Nostromo crew an international flavor.^[31] Kotto was sent a script off the back of his recent success with Live and Let Die, although it was some time and deliberation between Kotto and his agent before he was offered the part.^[41] HP Pavilion dv2-1031ax Battery

Tom Skerritt as Dallas, the Captain of the Nostromo. Skerritt had been approached early in the film's development but declined as it did not yet have a director and had a very low budget. Later, when Scott was attached as director and the budget had been doubled, Skerritt accepted the role of Dallas. HP Pavilion dv2-1032ax Battery

Harry Dean Stanton as Brett, the Engineering Technician. Stanton's first words to Scott during his audition were "I don't like sci fi or monster movies."^[28]Scott was amused and convinced Stanton to take the role after reassuring him that Alien would actually be a thriller more akin to Ten Little Indians.^[28] HP Pavilion dv2-1033ax Battery

Sigourney Weaver as Ripley, the warrant officer aboard the Nostromo. The decision to make the lead character a woman was made by Giler and Hill, who felt this would help Alien stand out in the otherwise male-dominated genre of science fiction.^[31] HP Pavilion dv2-1033cl Battery

Weaver, who had Broadway experience but was relatively unknown in film, impressed Scott, Giler, and Hill with her audition. She was the last actor to be cast for the film, and performed most of her screen tests in-studio as the sets were being built.^[31][36] HP Pavilion dv2-1035ea Battery

The role of Ripley was Weaver's first leading role in a motion picture, and earned her nominations for a Saturn Award for Best Actress and a BAFTA award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Role.^[7]

To assist the actors in preparing for their roles, Ridley Scott wrote several pages of backstory for each character explaining their histories. HP Pavilion dv2-1035er Battery

He filmed many of their rehearsals in order to capture spontaneity and improvisation, and tensions between some of the cast members, particularly towards the less-experienced Weaver, translated convincingly on film as tension between their respective characters.^[42] HP Pavilion dv2-1039wm Battery

Film critic Roger Ebert notes that the actors in Alien were older than was typical in thriller films at the time, which helped make the characters more convincing:

[N]one of them were particularly young. Tom Skerritt, the captain, was 46, Hurt was 39 but looked older, HP Pavilion dv2-1040eb Battery

Holm was 48, Harry Dean Stanton was 53, Yaphet Kotto was 42, and only Veronica Cartwright at 29 and Weaver at 30 were in the age range of the usual thriller cast. Many recent action pictures have improbably young actors cast as key roles or sidekicks, HP Pavilion dv2-1040ef Battery

but by skewing older, Alien achieves a certain texture without even making a point of it: These are not adventurers but workers, hired by a company to return 20 million tons of ore to Earth.

David McIntee, author of Beautiful Monsters: HP Pavilion dv2-1040eo Battery

The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Alien and Predator Films, notes that part of the film's effectiveness in frightening viewers "comes from the fact that the audience can all identify with the characters...Everyone aboard the Nostromo is a normal, everyday, working Joe just like the rest of us. HP Pavilion dv2-1040et Battery

They just happen to live and work in the future."

Set design and filming

Alien was filmed over fourteen weeks from July 5 to October 21, 1978. Principal photography took place at Shepperton Studios in London, while model and miniature filming was done at Bray Studios in Water Oakley.^[32] HP Pavilion dv2-1040ew Battery

Production time was short due to the film's low budget and pressure from 20th Century Fox to finish on schedule.^[42] A crew of over 200 workmen and technicians constructed the three principal sets: The surface of the alien planetoid and the interiors of the Nostromo and derelict spacecraft.^[16] HP Pavilion dv2-1043ca Battery

Art Director Les Dilley created 1/24th scale miniatures of the planetoid's surface and derelict spacecraft based on Giger's designs, then made moulds and casts and scaled them up as diagrams for the wood and fiberglass forms of the sets.^[28] Tons of sand, plaster, fiberglass, HP Pavilion dv2-1044ca Battery

rock, and gravel were shipped into the studio to sculpt a desert landscape for the planetoid's surface, which the actors would walk across wearing space suit costumes.^[16] The suits themselves were thick, bulky, and lined with nylon, had no cooling systems and, initially, no venting for their exhaled carbon dioxide to escape.^[44] HP Pavilion dv2-1050eg Battery

Combined with a heat wave, these conditions nearly caused the actors to pass out and nurses had to be kept on-hand with oxygen tanks to help keep them going.^[42][44] For scenes showing the exterior of the Nostromo a 58-foot (18 m) landing leg was constructed to give a sense of the ship's size. HP Pavilion dv2-1050en Battery

Ridley Scott still did not think that it looked large enough, so he had his two sons and the son of one of the cameramen stand in for the regular actors, wearing smaller space suits to make the set pieces seem larger.^[44][45] The same technique was used for the scene in which the crew members encounter the dead alien creature in the derelict spacecraft. HP Pavilion dv2-1070eg Battery

The children nearly collapsed due to the heat of the suits, and eventually oxygen systems were added to assist the actors in breathing.^[42][44]

The sets of the Nostromo's three decks were each created almost entirely in one piece, with each deck occupying a separate stage and the various rooms connected via corridors. HP Pavilion dv2-1080en Battery

To move around the sets the actors had to navigate through the hallways of the ship, adding to the film's sense of claustrophobia and realism.^[16][42][46] The sets used large transistors and low-resolution computer screens to give the ship a "used", industrial look and make it appear as though it was constructed of "retrofitted old technology".^[45] HP Pavilion dv2-1090eo Battery

Ron Cobb created industrial-style symbols and color-coded signs for various areas and aspects of the ship.^[45] The company that owns the Nostromo is not named in the film, and is referred to by the characters as "the company". However, the name and logo of "Weylan-Yutani" appears on several set pieces and props such as computer monitors and beer cans.^[30] HP Pavilion dv2-1100 series Battery

Cobb created the name to imply a business alliance betweenBritain and Japan, deriving "Weylan" from the British Leyland Motor Corporation and "Yutani" from the name of his Japanese neighbor.^[29][47] The 1986 sequelAliens named the company as "Weyland-Yutani",^[29][48] and it has remained a central aspect of the film franchise. HP Pavilion dv2z Battery

Art Director Roger Christian used scrap metal and parts to create set pieces and props to save money, a technique he employed while working on Star Wars. Some of the Nostromo's corridors were created from portions of scrapped bomber aircraft, and a mirror was used to create the illusion of longer corridors in the below-deck area.^[45] 
HP Pavilion dv2z-1100 Battery

Special effects supervisors Brian Johnson and Nick Allder made many of the set pieces and props function, including moving chairs, computer monitors, motion trackers, and flamethrowers.^[16][40] Four identical cats were used to portray Jones, the Nostromo crew's pet.^[32] HP Pavilion dv2z-1100 CTO Battery

 During filming Sigourney Weaver discovered that she was allergic to the combination of cat hair and the glycerin placed on the actors' skin to make them appear sweaty. By removing the glycerin she was able to continue working with the cats. HP Pavilion dv2-1100eg Battery

H. R. Giger designed and worked on all of the alien aspects of the film, which he designed to appear organic andbiomechanical in contrast to the industrial look of the Nostromo and its human elements.^[16][45] For the interior of the derelict spacecraft and egg chamber he used dried bones together with plaster to sculpt much of the scenery and elements.^[16][45] HP Pavilion dv2-1100eo Battery

Veronica Cartwright described Giger's sets as "so erotic...it's big vaginas and penises...the whole thing is like you're going inside of some sort of womb or whatever...it's sort of visceral".^[45] The set with the deceased alien creature, which the production team nicknamed the "space jockey",HP Pavilion dv2-1101au Battery

proved problematic as 20th Century Fox did not want to spend the money for such an expensive set that would only be used for one scene. Ridley Scott described the set as thecockpit or driving deck of the mysterious ship, HP Pavilion dv2-1101ax Battery

and the production team was able to convince the studio that the scene was important to impress the audience and make them aware that this was not a B movie.To save money only one wall of the set was created, and the "space jockey" sat atop a disc that could be rotated to facilitate shots from different angles in relation to the actors. HP Pavilion dv2-1102au Battery

Giger airbrushed the entire set and the "space jockey" by hand.^[45][50]

The origin of the jockey creature was not explored in the film, but Scott later theorized that it might have been the ship's pilot, and that the ship might have been a weapons carrier capable of dropping Alien eggs onto a planet so that the Aliens could use the local lifeforms as hosts.^[23] HP Pavilion dv2-1103au Battery

In early versions of the script the eggs were to be located in a separate pyramid structure which would be found later by the Nostromo crew and would contain statues and hieroglyphs depicting the Alien reproductive cycle, offering a contrast of the human, Alien, and space jockey cultures.^[17] HP Pavilion dv2-1104au Battery

Cobb, Foss, and Giger each created concept artwork for these sequences, but they were eventually discarded due to budgetary concerns and the need to trim the length of the film.^[16] Instead the egg chamber was set inside the derelict ship and was filmed on the same set as the space jockey scene; HP Pavilion dv2-1105ee Battery

the entire disc piece supporting the jockey and its chair were removed and the set was redressed to create the egg chamber.^[16] Light effects in the egg chamber were created by lasers borrowed from English rock band The Who. The band was testing the lasers for use in their stage show in the sound stage next door.^[51] HP Pavilion dv2-1106au Battery

Alien originally was to conclude with the destruction of the Nostromo while Ripley escapes in the shuttle Narcissus. However, Ridley Scott conceived of a "fourth act" to the film in which the Alien appears on the shuttle and Ripley is forced to confront it. HP Pavilion dv2-1107ax Battery

He pitched the idea to 20th Century Fox and negotiated an increase in the budget to film the scene over several extra days. Scott had wanted the Alien to bite off Ripley's head and then make the final log entry in her voice, but the producers vetoed this idea as they believed that the Alien had to die at the end of the film. HP Pavilion dv2-1110br Battery

Spaceships and planets

The spaceships and planets for the film were shot using models and miniatures. These included models of the Nostromo, its attached mineral refinery, the escape shuttle Narcissus, the alien planetoid, and the exterior and interior of the derelict spacecraft. HP Pavilion dv2-1110ec Battery

Visual Effects Supervisor Brian Johnson, supervising modelmaker Martin Bower, and their team worked at Bray Studios, roughly 30 miles (48 km) from Shepperton Studios where principal filming was taking place. HP Pavilion dv2-1110ef Battery

The designs of theNostromo and its attachments were based on combinations of Ridley Scott's storyboards and Ron Cobb's conceptual drawings.^[53]The basic outlines of the models were made of wood and plastic, and most of the fine details were added from model kits of battleships, tanks, and World War II bombers. HP Pavilion dv2-1110el Battery

Three models of the Nostromo were made: a 12-inch (30 cm) version for medium and long shots, a 4-foot (1.2 m) version for rear shots, and a 12-foot (3.7 m), 7-short-ton (6.4 t) rig for the undocking and planetoid surface sequences.^[ Scott insisted on numerous changes to the models even as filming was taking place, leading to conflicts with the modeling and filming teams. HP Pavilion dv2-1110eo Battery

The Nostromo was originally yellow, and the team filmed shots of the models for six weeks before Johnson left to work on The Empire Strikes Back. Scott then ordered it changed to gray, and the team had to begin shooting again from scratch. HP Pavilion dv2-1110er Battery

He ordered more and more pieces added to the model until the final large version with the refinery required a metal framework so that it could be lifted by a forklift. He also took a hammer and chisel to sections of the refinery, knocking off many of its spires which Bower had spent weeks creating. HP Pavilion dv2-1110es Battery

Scott also had disagreements with lighting technician Denny Ayling over how to light the models.^[53]

A separate model, approximately 40 feet (12 m) long, was created for the Nostromo's underside from which the HP Pavilion dv2-1110et Battery

Narcissus would detach and from which Kane's body would be launched during the funeral scene. Bower carved Kane's burial shroud out of wood and it was launched through the hatch using a small catapult and filmed at high speed, then slowed down in editing. HP Pavilion dv2-1110ez Battery

Only one shot was filmed using blue screen compositing: that of the shuttle racing past the Nostromo. The other shots were simply filmed against black backdrops, with stars added via double exposure.^[54] Though motion control photography technology was available at the time, the film's budget would not allow for it. HP Pavilion dv2-1110us Battery

The team therefore used a camera with wide-angle lenses mounted on a drive mechanism to make slow passes over and around the models filming at 2½ frames per second,^[16] giving them the appearance of motion. Scott added smoke and wind effects to enhance the illusion. HP Pavilion dv2-1111ax Battery

For the scene in which the Nostromo detaches from the refinery, a 30-foot (9.1 m) docking arm was created using pieces from model railway kits. The Nostromo was pushed away from the refinery by the forklift, which was covered in black velvet, causing the arm to extend out from the refinery. HP Pavilion dv2-1112au Battery

This created the illusion that the arm was pushing the ship forward.^[53][54] Shots from outside the ship in which the characters are seen through windows moving around inside were filmed using larger models which contained projection screens showing pre-recorded footage.^[53] HP Pavilion dv2-1113ax Battery

A separate model was created for the exterior of the derelict alien spacecraft. Matte paintings were used to fill in areas of the ship's interior as well as exterior shots of the planetoid's surface.^[53] The surface as seen from space during the landing sequence was created by painting a globe white, HP Pavilion dv2-1115ea Battery

then mixing chemicals and dyes onto transparencies and projecting them onto it.^[16][54] The planetoid was not named in the film, but some drafts of the script gave it the name Acheron^[36] after the river which in Greek mythology is described as the "stream of woe",HP Pavilion dv2-1115ee Battery

a branch of the river Styx, and which forms the border of Hell inDante's Inferno. The 1986 sequel Aliens named the planetoid as "LV-426",^[48] and both names have been used for it in subsequent expanded universe media such as comic books and video games. In Alien the planetoid is said to be located somewhere in the Zeta² Reticuli system.^[56] HP Pavilion dv2-1116ax Battery

Egg and facehugger

The scene of Kane inspecting the egg was shot during post-production. A fiberglass egg was used so that actor John Hurt could shine his light on it and see movement inside, which was provided by Ridley Scott fluttering his hands inside the egg while wearing rubber gloves.^[50] HP Pavilion dv2-1117ee Battery

The top of the egg opened via hydraulics, and the innards were made of a cow's stomach andtripe.^[35][50] Initial test shots of the eggs were filmed using hen's eggs, and this footage was used in early teaser trailers. For this reason a hen's egg was used as the primary image for the film's advertising poster, HP Pavilion dv2-1118ax Battery

and became a lasting image for the series as a whole rather than the Alien egg that actually appears in the film.^[50]

The "facehugger" and its proboscis, which was made of a sheep's intestine, were shot out of the egg using high-pressure air hoses.HP Pavilion dv2-1119ax Battery

The shot was acted out and filmed in reverse, then reversed and slowed down in editing to prolong the effect and show more detail. The facehugger itself was the first creature that Giger designed for the film, going through several versions in different sizes before deciding on a small creature with humanlike fingers and a long tail. HP Pavilion dv2-1120ax Battery

Dan O'Bannon drew his own version based on Giger's design, with help from Ron Cobb, which became the final version. Cobb came up with the idea that the creature could have a powerful acid for blood, HP Pavilion dv2-1120br Battery

a characteristic that would carry over to the adult Alien and would make it impossible for the crew to kill it by conventional means such as guns or explosives, since the acid would burn through the ship's hull. For the scene in which the dead facehugger is examined, Scott used pieces of fish and shellfish to create its viscera. HP Pavilion dv2-1120ed Battery

Chestburster

The design of the "chestburster" was inspired by Francis Bacon's 1944 painting Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion.^[35] Giger's original design resembled a plucked chicken, which was redesigned and refined into the final version seen onscreen. HP Pavilion dv2-1120ef Battery

For the filming of the chestburster scene the cast members knew that the creature would be bursting out of Hurt, and had seen the chestburster puppet, but they had not been told that fake blood would also be bursting out in every direction from high-pressure pumps and squibs.^[ HP Pavilion dv2-1120eg Battery

The scene was shot in one take using an artificial torso filled with blood and viscera, with Hurt's head and arms coming up from underneath the table. The chestburster was shoved up through the torso by a puppeteer who held it on a stick. HP Pavilion dv2-1121ax Battery

When the creature burst through the chest a stream of blood shot directly at Veronica Cartwright, shocking her enough that she fell over and went into hysterics.^[16][35][40] According to Tom Skerritt: "What you saw on camera was the real response. She had no idea what the hell happened. HP Pavilion dv2-1122ax Battery

All of a sudden this thing just came up."^[35] The creature then runs off-camera, an effect accomplished by cutting a slit in the table for the puppeteer's stick to go through and passing an air hose through the puppet's tail to make it whip about.^[35]

The real-life surprise of the actors gave the scene an intense sense of realism and made it one of the film's most memorable moments. HP Pavilion dv2-1123ax Battery

During preview screenings the crew noticed that some viewers would move towards the back of the theater so as not to be too close to the screen during the sequence.^[58] In subsequent years the chestburster scene has often been voted as one of the most memorable moments in film.^[59] HP Pavilion dv2-1124ax Battery

In 2007, the British film magazine Empire named it as the greatest 18-rated moment in film as part of its "18th birthday" issue, ranking it above the decapitation scene in The Omen (1976) and the transformation sequence in An American Werewolf in London (1981).^[60] HP Pavilion dv2-1125ax Battery

The Alien

Giger made several conceptual paintings of the adult Alien before crafting the final version. He sculpted the creature's body usingplasticine, incorporating pieces such as vertebrae from snakes and cooling tubes from a Rolls-Royce. HP Pavilion dv2-1125ee Battery

 The creature's head was manufactured separately by Carlo Rambaldi, who had worked on the aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind.^[55] Rambaldi followed Giger's designs closely, making some modifications in order to incorporate the moving parts which would animate the jaw and inner mouth.^[35] HP Pavilion dv2-1126ax Battery

A system of hinges and cables was used to operate the creature's rigid tongue, which protruded from the main mouth and had a second mouth at the tip of it with its own set of movable teeth.^[35] The final head had about nine hundred moving parts and points of articulation.^[35] HP Pavilion dv2-1127ea Battery

 Part of a human skull was used as the "face", and was hidden under the smooth, translucent cover of the head.^[36] Rambaldi's original Alien jaw is now on display in the Smithsonian Institution,^[52] while in April 2007 the original Alien suit was sold at auction.^[61] HP Pavilion dv2-1130eb Battery

Copious amounts of K-Y Jelly were used to simulate saliva and to give the Alien an overall slimy appearance.^[35][46] The creature's vocalizations were provided by Percy Edwards, a voice artist famous for providing bird sounds for British television throughout the 1960s and 1970s as well as the whale sounds for Orca: Killer Whale (1977). HP Pavilion dv2-1130es Battery

For most of the film's scenes the Alien was portrayed by Bolaji Badejo, a Nigerian design student. A latex costume was specifically made to fit Badejo's 7-foot-2-inch (218 cm) slender frame, made by taking a full-body plaster cast of him.^[ HP Pavilion dv2-1131ax Battery

Scott later commented that "It's a man in a suit, but then it would be, wouldn't it? It takes on elements of the host – in this case, a man."^[27] Badejo attended t'ai chi and mime classes in order to create convincing movements for the Alien. HP Pavilion dv2-1132ax Battery

For some scenes, such as when the Alien lowers itself from the ceiling to kill Brett, the creature was portrayed by stuntmen Eddie Powell and Roy Scammell;^[16][37] in that scene a costumed Powell was suspended on wires and then lowered in an unfurling motion. HP Pavilion dv2-1133ax Battery

Scott chose not to show the Alien in full through most of the film, showing only pieces of it while keeping most of its body in shadow in order to heighten the sense of terror and suspense. The audience could thus project their own fears into imagining what the rest of the creature might look like:^[35] HP Pavilion dv2-1134ax Battery

 "Every movement is going to be very slow, very graceful, and the Alien will alter shape so you never really know exactly what he looks like."^[16] The Alien has been referred to as "one of the most iconic movie monsters in film history" in the decades since the film's release, HP Pavilion dv2-1134nr Battery

being noted for its biomechanical appearance and sexual overtones.^[64] Roger Ebert has remarked that "Alien uses a tricky device to keep the alien fresh throughout the movie: It evolves the nature and appearance of the creature, so we never know quite what it looks like or what it can do... HP Pavilion dv2-1136ax Battery

The first time we get a good look at the alien, as it bursts from the chest of poor Kane (John Hurt). It is unmistakably phallic in shape, and the critic Tim Dirks mentions its 'open, dripping vaginal mouth.'"^[12]

Ash

For the scene in which Ash is revealed to be an android and has his head knocked off, HP Pavilion dv2-1137ax Battery

a puppet was created of the character's torso and upper body which was operated from underneath by a small puppeteer.^[42] During a preview screening of the film this scene caused a female usher to faint. In the following scene Ash's head is placed on a table and re-activated; for portions of this scene an animatronic head was made using a face cast of actor Ian Holm.HP Pavilion dv2-1140ed Battery

 However the latex of the head shrank while drying and the result was not entirely convincing.^[42] For the bulk of the scene Holm knelt under the table with his head coming up through a hole and milk, caviar, pasta, and glass marbles were used to show the android's inner workings and fluids. HP Pavilion dv2-1140es Battery

Music

The musical score for Alien was composed by Jerry Goldsmith, conducted by Lionel Newman, and performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra. Ridley Scott had originally wanted the film to be scored by Isao Tomita, HP Pavilion dv2-1140en Battery

but 20th Century Fox wanted a more familiar composer and Goldsmith was recommended by then-President of Fox Alan Ladd, Jr.^[63] Goldsmith wanted to create a sense of romanticism and lyrical mystery in the film's opening scenes, which would build throughout the film to suspense and fear.^[66] HP Pavilion dv2-1140eo Battery

Scott did not like Goldsmith's original main title piece, however, so Goldsmith rewrote it as "the obvious thing: weird and strange, and which everybody loved." Another source of tension was editor Terry Rawlings' choice to use pieces of Goldsmith's music from previous films, including a piece from Freud: HP Pavilion dv2-1144ca Battery

The Secret Passion, and to use an excerpt from Howard Hanson's Symphony No.2 ("Romantic") for the end credits. Scott and Rawlings had also become attached to several of the musical cues they had used for the temporary score while editing the film, HP Pavilion dv2-1160ed Battery

and re-edited some of Goldsmith's cues and re-scored several sequences to match these cues and even left the temporary score in place in some parts of the finished film.^[66] Goldsmith later remarked that "you can see that I was sort of like going at opposite ends of the pole with the filmmakers of the picture." HP Pavilion dv2-1199us Battery

Nevertheless, Scott praised Goldsmith's score as "full of dark beauty"^[63]and "seriously threatening, but beautiful."^[66] It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album, and a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.^[7] The score has been released as a soundtrack album in several versions with different tracks and sequences.^[69] HP Pavilion dv3-1000 Series Battery

Editing

Editing and post-production work on Alien took roughly twenty weeks to complete.^[66] Terry Rawlings served as Editor, having previously worked with Scott on editing sound for The Duellists.^[66] Scott and Rawlings edited much of the film to have a slow pace to build suspense for the more tense and frightening moments. HP Pavilion dv3-1001TX Battery

According to Rawlings: "I think the way we did get it right was by keeping it slow, funny enough, which is completely different from what they do today. And I think the slowness of it made the moments that you wanted people to be sort of scared...then we could go as fast as we liked because you've sucked people into a corner and then attacked them, so to speak. HP Pavilion dv3-1051xx Battery

And I think that's how it worked."^[66] The first cut of the film was over three hours long; further editing trimmed the final version to just under two hours.^[58][66]

One scene that was cut from the film occurred during Ripley's final escape from the Nostromo: HP Pavilion dv3-1073cl Battery

she encounters Dallas and Brett who have been partially cocoonedby the Alien. O'Bannon had intended the scene to indicate that Brett was becoming an Alien egg while Dallas was held nearby to be implanted by the resulting facehugger.^[21] HP Pavilion dv3-1075ca Battery

Production Designer Michael Seymour later suggested that Dallas had "become sort of food for the alien creature",^[45] while Ivor Powell suggested that "Dallas is found in the ship as an egg, still alive."^[66] Scott remarked that "they're morphing, metamorphosing, HP Pavilion dv3-1075us Battery

they are changing into...being consumed, I guess, by whatever the Alien's organism is...into an egg."^[23] The scene was cut partly because it did not look realistic enough and partly because it slowed the pace of the escape sequence.^[21][52] Tom Skerritt remarked that "The picture had to have that pace. HP Pavilion dv3-1077ca Battery

Her trying to get the hell out of there, we're all rooting for her to get out of there, and for her to slow up and have a conversation with Dallas was not appropriate." The footage was included amongst other deleted scenes as a special feature on the Laserdisc release of Alien, HP Pavilion dv3z-1000 Battery

and a shortened version of it was re-inserted into the 2003 "Director's Cut" which was re-released in theaters and on DVD.

Release and reception

An initial screening of Alien for 20th Century Fox representatives in St. Louis suffered from poor sound in the theater. HP Pavilion dv3-2000 Battery

A subsequent screening in a newer theater in Dallas went significantly better, eliciting genuine fright from the audience.^[65] Two theatrical trailers were shown to the public. The first consisted of rapidly changing still images set to some of Jerry Goldsmith's electronic music from Logan's Run. HP Pavilion dv3-2001tu Battery

The second used test footage of a hen's egg set to part of Goldsmith's Alien score.^[58] The film was previewed in various American cities in the spring of 1979^[58] and was promoted by the tagline "In space no one can hear you scream."^[65][71] HP Pavilion dv3-2001TX Battery

Alien opened in theaters on May 25, 1979.^[71] It was rated "R" in the United States, "X" in the United Kingdom, and "M" in Australia.^[32] In the UK, the British Board of Film Classification almost passed the film as an "AA", although there were concerns over the prevalent sexual imagery. HP Pavilion dv3-2001xx Battery

20th Century Fox eventually relented in pushing for an AA certificate after deciding that an X rating would be a better choice commercially for selling a horror film.

The film had no official premiere in the United States, yet moviegoers lined up for blocks to see it at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in HP Pavilion dv3-2002tu Battery

Hollywood where a number of models, sets, and props were displayed outside to promote it during its first run.Religious zealots set fire to the model of the space jockey, believing it to be the work of the devil. Alien did have a formal premiere in the United Kingdom at the Odeon Leicester Square on September 6, 1979, HP Pavilion dv3-2002tx Battery

but it did not open widely in Britain until January 13, 1980.^[58]

Critical reaction to the film was initially mixed. Some critics who were not usually favorable towards science fiction, such as Barry Norman of the BBC's Filmseries, were positive about the film's merits.^[58] HP Pavilion dv3-2003tu Battery

 Others, however, were not: Reviews by Variety, Sight and Sound, Vincent Canby and Leonard Maltin were mixed or negative.^[73] A review by Time Out said the film was an "empty bag of tricks whose production values and expensive trickery cannot disguise imaginative poverty".^[74] HP Pavilion dv3-2003tx Battery

In a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews discussing science fiction films of the 1950s and 1970s, critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert were critical ofAlien. Ebert called it "basically just an intergalactic haunted house thriller set inside a spaceship" and one of several science fiction pictures that were "real disappointments" HP Pavilion dv3-2004tu Battery

compared to Star Wars, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and 2001: A Space Odyssey, though he did compliment the early scene of theNostromo's crew exploring the alien planet as showing "real imagination".^[75]

The film was a commercial success, making $78,900,000 in the United States and £7,886,000 in the United Kingdom during its first run.^[58] HP Pavilion dv3-2004tx Battery

 It ultimately grossed $80,931,801 in the United States and $24,000,000 internationally, bringing its total worldwide gross to $104,931,801.^[3]

Accolades

Alien won the 1979 Academy Award for Visual Effects and was also nominated for Best Art Direction HP Pavilion dv3-2005ee Battery

 (for Michael Seymour, Leslie Dilley, Roger Christian, and Ian Whittaker).^[4][7] It won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Direction for Ridley Scott, and Best Supporting Actress for Veronica Cartwright,^[6] and was also nominated in the categories of Best Actress for Sigourney Weaver, HP Pavilion dv3-2005tu Battery

 Best Make-up for Pat Hay, Best Special Effects for Brian Johnson and Nick Allder, andBest Writing for Dan O'Bannon.^[7] It was also nominated for British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) awards for Best Costume Design for John Mollo, HP Pavilion dv3-2005tx Battery

Best Editing for Terry Rawlings, Best Supporting Actor for John Hurt, and Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Role for Sigourney Weaver.^[7] It also won aHugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was nominated for a British Society of Cinematographers award for Best Cinematography for Derek Vanlint, HP Pavilion dv3-2006tu Battery

as well as a Silver Seashell award for Best Cinematography and Special Effects at the San Sebastián International Film Festival.^[7] Jerry Goldsmith's score received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album, and a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music.^[7] HP Pavilion dv3-2006tx Battery

Merchandising

Around and shortly after Alien's release in theaters, a number of merchandise items and media were released and sold to coincide with the film. These included anovelization by Alan Dean Foster, in both adult and "junior" versions, which was adapted from the film's shooting script.^[63] HP Pavilion dv3-2007ee Battery

Heavy Metal magazine published acomic strip adaptation of the film entitled Alien: The Illustrated Story, as well as a 1980 Alien calendar.^[63] Two behind-the-scenes books were released in 1979 to accompany the film: The Book of Alien contained many production photographs and details on the making of the film, HP Pavilion dv3-2007tu Battery

while Giger's Alien contained much of H. R. Giger's concept artwork for the movie.^[63] A soundtrack album was released as an LP featuring selections of Goldsmith's score, and a single of the main theme was released in 1980.^[69] HP Pavilion dv3-2007tx Battery

A twelve-inch tall model kit of the Alien was released by the Model Products Corporation in the United States and by Airfix in the United Kingdom.^[56] Kenner also produced a larger-scale Alien action figure, as well as a board game in which players raced to be first to reach the shuttle pod while Aliens roamed the Nostromo's corridors and air shafts.^[ HP Pavilion dv3-2008tu Battery

Official Halloween costumes of the Alien were released for October 1979.^[56] Several computer games based on the film were released, but not until several years after its theatrical run.^[56]

Sequels

The success of Alien led 20th Century Fox to finance three direct sequels over the next eighteen years, each by different writers and directors. HP Pavilion dv3-2008tx Battery

Sigourney Weaver remained the only recurring actor through all four films, and the story of her character Ripley's encounters with the Aliens became the thematic thread running through the series.^[12] James Cameron's Aliens (1986) focused more on action and involved Ripley returning to the planetoid accompanied by marines to confront hordes of Aliens.^[48] HP Pavilion dv3-2009tx Battery

 David Fincher's Alien 3 (1992) had nihilistic tones^[43] and found her on a prison planet battling another Alien, ultimately sacrificing herself to prevent her employers from acquiring the creatures.^[76] Jean-Pierre Jeunet's Alien Resurrection (1997) saw Ripley resurrected through cloningto battle more Aliens even further in the future.^[77] HP Pavilion dv3-2010el Battery

The success of the film series resulted in the creation of a media franchise with numerous novels, comic books, video games, toys, and other media and merchandise appearing over the years. A number of these began appearing under the Alien vs. Predator crossoverimprint, HP Pavilion dv3-2010et Battery

which brought the Alien creatures together with the titular Predators of the Predator franchise. The film series eventually followed suit, with Paul W. S. Anderson's Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Colin and Greg Strause's Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007) abandoning the Ripley character in favor of prequel stories set in the 2000s. HP Pavilion dv3-2010tx Battery

Despite not appearing in either prequel, Sigourney Weaver has expressed interest in reuniting with Ridley Scott to revive her character for another Alien film. In the 2003 commentary track for the Alien DVD included in the Alien Quadrilogy set, she and Scott both speculated on the possibility, with Weaver stating: HP Pavilion dv3-2011tx Battery

"There is an appetite for a fifth one, which is something I never expected...it's really hard to come up with a fifth story that's new and fresh...but I have wanted to go back into space...I think outer space adventure is a good thing for us right now, 'cause Earth is so grim...so we've been talking about it, but very generally." HP Pavilion dv3-2012tx Battery

 Scott remarked that, if the series were to continue, the most logical course would be to explore the origins of the space jockey and the Aliens.^[81] Weaver supported this idea, stating that "I think it would be great to go back, because I'm asked that question so many times: HP Pavilion dv3-2013tx Battery

'Where did the Alien come from?' People really want to know in a very visceral way."^[23] David Gilerstated that he, Walter Hill, and Gordon Carroll, the producers of the first five films in the series, would not be willing to produce another unless it was about theHP Pavilion dv3-2014tx Battery

Aliens' homeworld and Weaver was on board (although Hill did return to produce Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem). Weaver, in turn, indicated that she would only return to the franchise if either Scott or James Cameron were directing.^[82] HP Pavilion dv3-2015ee Battery

Cameron had been working on a story for a fifth Alien film which would explore the origins of the creatures, but ceased work on it when he learned that Fox was pursuing Alien vs. Predator, which he felt would "kill the validity of the franchise".^[HP Pavilion dv3-2015tx Battery

Weaver has continued to express interest in another installment, stating in 2008 that "I would definitely do another if I had a director like Ridley Scott and we had a good idea. Ridley is enthusiastic about it."^[85]

In July 2009 20th Century Fox announced that Jon Spaihts had been hired to write a prequel to Alien, with Scott attached to direct. HP Pavilion dv3-2016tx Battery

 The script was subsequently re-worked by Scott and Damon Lindelof. Titled Prometheus, it went into production in May 2011, and was subsequently released in the U.S. on June 8th, 2012. Scott released a statement: "While Alien was indeed the jumping-off point for this project, HP Pavilion dv3-2017ee Battery

out of the creative process evolved a new, grand mythology and universe in which this original story takes place. The keen fan will recognize strands of Alien's DNA, so to speak, but the ideas tackled in this film are unique, large and provocative."^[87]

Home video releases

Alien has been released in many home video formats and packages over the years. HP Pavilion dv3-2017tx Battery

The first of these was a seventeen-minute Super-8 version for home projectionists.^[56] It was also released on both VHS and Betamax for rental, which grossed it an additional $40,300,000 in the United States alone.^[58] Several VHS releases were subsequently sold both singly and as boxed sets. HP Pavilion dv3-2018tx Battery

Laserdisc and Videodisc versions followed, including deleted scenes and director commentary as bonus features. A VHS box set containing Alien and the sequels Aliens and Alien 3 was released in facehugger-shaped boxes, including some of the deleted scenes from the Laserdisc editions. HP Pavilion dv3-2019tx Battery

When Alien Resurrection premiered in theaters, another set of the first three films was released including aMaking of Alien Resurrection tape. A few months later the set was re-released with the full version of Alien Resurrection taking the place of the making-of video.^[88] HP Pavilion dv3-2020ei Battery

 Alien was released on DVD in 1999, both singly and packaged with Aliens and Alien 3 as The Alien Legacy.^[56][88] This set was also released in a VHS version and included a commentary track by Ridley Scott.^[56][88] The first three films of the series have also been packaged as the Alien Triple Pack. HP Pavilion dv3-2020el Battery

2003 Director's Cut

In 2003 20th Century Fox was preparing the Alien Quadrilogy DVD box set, which would include Alien and its three sequels. In addition, the set would also include alternate versions of all four films in the form of "special editions" and "director's cuts". HP Pavilion dv3-2020et Battery

Fox approached Ridley Scott to digitally restore and remaster Alien, and to restore several scenes which had been cut during the editing process for inclusion in an expanded version of the film.^[89]Upon viewing the expanded version, Scott felt that it was too long and chose to recut it into a more streamlined alternate version: HP Pavilion dv3-2020tx Battery

Upon viewing the proposed expanded version of the film, I felt that the cut was simply too long and the pacing completely thrown off. After all, I cut those scenes out for a reason back in 1979. However, in the interest of giving the fans a new experience with Alien, I figured there had to be an appropriate middle ground. HP Pavilion dv3-2021tx Battery

I chose to go in and recut that proposed long version into a more streamlined and polished alternate version of the film. For marketing purposes, this version is being called "The Director's Cut."

The "Director's Cut" restored roughly four minutes of deleted footage while cutting about five minutes of other material, HP Pavilion dv3-2022tx Battery

leaving it about a minute shorter than the theatrical cut.^[58] Many of the changes were minor, such as altered sound effects, while the restored footage included the scene in which Ripley discovers the cocooned Dallas and Brett during her escape of the Nostromo. HP Pavilion dv3-2023tx Battery

Fox decided to release the Director's Cut in theaters, and it premiered on October 31, 2003.^[58] The Alien Quadrilogy box set was released December 2, 2003, with both versions of the film included along with a new commentary track featuring many of the film's actors, writers, and production staff, HP Pavilion dv3-2024tx Battery

as well as other special features and a documentary entitled The Beast Within: The Making of Alien. Each film was also released separately as a DVD with both versions of the film included. Scott noted that he was very pleased with the original theatrical cut of Alien, saying that "For all intents and purposes, HP Pavilion dv3-2025ee Battery

I felt that the original cut of Alien was perfect. I still feel that way", and that the original 1979 theatrical version "remains my version of choice".^[89] He has since stated that he considers both versions "director's cuts", as he feels that the 1979 version was the best he could possibly have made it at the time.^[89] HP Pavilion dv3-2025eg Battery

The Alien Quadrilogy set earned Alien a number of new awards and nominations. It won DVDX Exclusive Awards for Best Audio Commentary and Best Overall DVD, Classic Movie, and was also nominated for Best Behind-the-Scenes Program and Best Menu Design.^[7] HP Pavilion dv3-2025tx Battery

It also won a Sierra Award for Best DVD, and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best DVD Collection and Golden Satellite Awards for Best DVD Extras and Best Overall DVD.^[7] In 2010 both the theatrical version and Director's Cut of Alien were released on Blu-ray Disc, as a stand-alone release and as part of the Alien Anthology set.^[90] HP Pavilion dv3-2026tx Battery

Imitations

Alien had both an immediate and long-term impact on the science fiction and horror genres. Shortly after its debut,Dan O'Bannon was sued by another writer named Jack Hammer for allegedly plagiarising a script entitled Black Space. HP Pavilion dv3-2027ee Battery

However, O'Bannon was able to prove that he had written his Alien script first.^[91] In the wake of Alien's success a number of other filmmakers imitated or adapted some of its elements, sometimes by copying its title. One of the first was The Alien Dead (1979), which was titled at the last minute to cash in on Alien's popularity.^[92] HP Pavilion dv3-2027tx Battery

Contamination (1980) was initially going to be titled Alien 2 until 20th Century Fox's lawyers contacted writer/director Luigi Cozzi and made him change it, and it built on press coverage of Alien's chestburster scene by having many similar creatures, which originated from large, slimy eggs, bursting from characters' chests.^[92] HP Pavilion dv3-2028tx Battery

An unauthorized Italian sequel to Alien, titled Alien 2, was released in 1980 and included alien creatures which incubate inside human hosts. Other science fiction films of the time that exploited elements of Alien includedInseminoid (1981) and Xtro (1982).^[92] HP Pavilion dv3-2029tx Battery

Antecedents

In the decades since its original release critics have analyzed and acknowledged Alien's roots in earlier works of fiction. It has been noted as sharing thematic similarities with earlier science fiction films such as The Thing from Another World (1951)and It!HP Pavilion dv3-2030ef Battery

The Terror from Beyond Space (1958),^[19][64]as well as a kinship with other 1970s horror films such as Jaws (1975) and Halloween (1978).^[12] Literary connections have also been suggested, including thematic comparisons to And Then There Were None (1939).^[93] HP Pavilion dv3-2030ei Battery

Many critics have also suggested that the film derives in part from A. E. van Vogt's The Voyage of the Space Beagle (1950), particularly the stories The Black Destroyer, in which a cat-like alien infiltrates the ship and hunts the crew, and Discord in Scarlet, HP Pavilion dv3-2030ek Battery

in which an alien implants parasitic eggs inside crew members which then hatch and eat their way out.^[94] O'Bannon, however, denies that this was a source of his inspiration for Alien's story.^[15] Van Vogt actually initiated a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox over the similarities, but Fox settled out of court.^[95] HP Pavilion dv3-2030eo Battery

Rick Sanchez of ign.com noted the "striking resemblance"^[96] to Mario Bava's cult classic Planet of the Vampires, especially in a celebrated sequence in which the crew discovers a ruin containing the skeletal remains of long dead giant beings, and in the design and shots of the ship itself, HP Pavilion dv3-2030ez Battery

astonishingly similar to the derelict spacecraft in Alien.^[97] Despite the astounding visual similarities, both O'Bannon and director Ridley Scott claimed in a 1979 interview that they had not seen Planet of the Vampires.^[98]

Writer David McIntee has also noted similarities to the Doctor Who episode "The Ark in Space" (1975), HP Pavilion dv3-2030tx Battery

in which an insectoid queen alien lays larvae inside humans which later eat their way out, a life cycle inspired by that of the ichneumons wasp.^[15] He has also noted similarities between the first half of the film, particularly in early versions of the script, to H.P. HP Pavilion dv3-2032tx Battery

 Lovecraft's At the Mountains of Madness, "not in storyline, but in dread-building mystery",^[15] and calls the finished film "the best Lovecraftian movie ever made, without being a Lovecraft adaptation", due to its similarities in tone and atmosphere to Lovecraft's works. HP Pavilion dv3-2033eg Battery

Lasting critical praise

Alien has continued to receive critical praise over the years, particularly for its realism and unique environment.^[64] It has a 96% approval rating at the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 82 reviews, HP Pavilion dv3-2033tx Battery

while Metacritic gives the Director's Cut an 83% approval rating based on 22 reviews.^[100]Critical interest in the film was re-ignited in part by the theatrical release of the "Director's Cut" in 2003. Despite having criticized Alien in 1980, Roger Ebert included it in his "Great Movies" column in 2003, HP Pavilion dv3-2034tx Battery

ranking it among "the most influential of modern action pictures" and praising its pacing, atmosphere, and settings:

One of the great strengths of Alien is its pacing. It takes its time. It waits. HP Pavilion dv3-2035tx Battery

It allows silences (the majestic opening shots are underscored byJerry Goldsmith with scarcely audible, far-off metallic chatterings). It suggests the enormity of the crew's discovery by building up to it with small steps: The interception of a signal (is it a warning or an SOS?). HP Pavilion dv3-2036tx Battery

The descent to the extraterrestrial surface. The bitching by Brett and Parker, who are concerned only about collecting their shares. The masterstroke of the surface murk through which the crew members move, their helmet lights hardly penetrating the soup. The shadowy outline of the alien ship. HP Pavilion dv3-2050ea Battery

The sight of the alien pilot, frozen in his command chair. The enormity of the discovery inside the ship ("It's full of ... leathery eggs ...").

McIntee praises Alien as "possibly the definitive combination of horror thriller with [science fiction] trappings." HP Pavilion dv3-2050ec Battery

He notes, however, that it is a horror film first and a science fiction film second, since science fiction normally explores issues of how humanity will develop under other circumstances. Alien, on the other hand, focuses on the plight of people being attacked by a monster: HP Pavilion dv3-2050eo Battery

"It's set on a spaceship in the future, but it's about people trying not to get eaten by a drooling monstrous animal. Worse, it's about them trying not to get raped by said drooling monstrous animal."^[43] Along with Halloween and Friday the 13th (1980), he describes it as a prototype for the slasher film genre: HP Pavilion dv3-2050ep Battery

"The reason it's such a good movie, and wowed both the critics, who normally frown on the genre, and the casual cinema-goer, is that it is a distillation of everything that scares us in the movies."^[43] He also describes how the film appeals to a variety of audiences: HP Pavilion dv3-2050es Battery

"Fans of Hitchcockian thrillers like it because it's moody and dark. Gorehounds like it for the chest-burster. [Science fiction] fans love the hard [science fiction] trappings and hardware. Men love the battle-for-survival element, and women love not being cast as the helpless victim." HP Pavilion dv3-2050ev Battery

Salon.com critic Andrew O'Hehir notes that Alien "has a profoundly existentialist undertow that makes it feel like a film noir"^[102] and praises it over its "increasingly baroque" sequels as "a film about human loneliness amid the emptiness and amorality of creation. HP Pavilion dv3-2050ew Battery

It's a cynical '70s-leftist vision of the future in which none of the problems plaguing 20th century Earth—class divisions, capitalist exploitation, the subjugation of humanity to technology—have been improved in the slightest by mankind's forays into outer space." HP Pavilion dv3-2051ea Battery

David Edelstein wrote, "Alien remains the key text in the “body horror” subgenre that flowered (or, depending on your viewpoint, festered) in the seventies, and Giger’s designs covered all possible avenues of anxiety. Men traveled through vulva-like openings, got forcibly impregnated, HP Pavilion dv3-2055ea Battery

and died giving birth to rampaging gooey vaginas dentate — how’s that for future shock? This was truly what David Cronenberg would call “the new flesh,” a dissolution of the boundaries between man and machine, machine and alien, and man and alien, with a psychosexual invasiveness that has never, thank God, been equaled."^[103] HP Pavilion dv3-2060ea Battery

In 2002, Alien was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the National Film Preservation Board of the United States,^[9] and was inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for historical preservation alongside other films of 1979 including All That Jazz,Apocalypse Now, HP Pavilion dv3-2060ek Battery

 The Black Stallion, and Manhattan.^[8] In 2008 the American Film Institute ranked Alien as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre as part of AFI's 10 Top 10, a CBS television special ranking the ten greatest movies in ten classic American film genres. HP Pavilion dv3-2070es Battery

The ranks were based on a poll of over 1,500 film artists, critics, and historians, with Alien ranking just above Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) and just below Ridley Scott's other science fiction film Blade Runner (1982).^[10] The same year, HP Pavilion dv3-2080eo Battery

Empire magazine ranked it thirty-third on its list of the five hundred greatest movies of all time, based on a poll of 10,200 readers, critics, and members of the film industry.^[11]

Sexual imagery

Critics have also analyzed Alien's sexual overtones. HP Pavilion dv3-2090ej Battery

Adrian Mackinder compares the facehugger's attack on Kane to a male rape and the chestburster scene to a form of violent birth, noting that the Alien's phallic head and method of killing the crew members add to the sexual imagery.^[64] HP Pavilion dv3-2090en Battery

Dan O'Bannon has argued that the scene is a metaphor for the male fear of penetration, and that the "oral invasion" of Kane by the facehugger functions as "payback" for the many horror films in which sexually vulnerable women are attacked by male monsters.^[104] HP Pavilion dv3-2100 Battery

McIntee claims that "Alien is a rape movie as much as Straw Dogs (1971) or I Spit on Your Grave (1978), or The Accused (1988). On one level it's about an intriguing alien threat. On one level it's about parasitism and disease. And on the level that was most important to the writers and director, it's about sex, and reproduction by non-consensual means. HP Pavilion dv3-2101tu Battery

And it's about this happening to a man."^[105] He notes how the film plays on men's fear and misunderstanding of pregnancy and childbirth, while also giving women a glimpse into these fears.^[106] Film analyst Lina Badley has written that the Alien's design, with strong Freudian sexual undertones, multiple phallic symbols, HP Pavilion dv3-2101tx Battery

and overall feminine figure, provides anandrogynous image conforming to archetypal mappings and imageries in horror films that often redraw gender lines.^[107] O'Bannon himself later described the sexual imagery in Alien as overt and intentional: HP Pavilion dv3-2102tu Battery

"One thing that people are all disturbed about is sex... I said 'That's how I'm going to attack the audience; I'm going to attack them sexually. And I'm not going to go after the women in the audience, I'm going to attack the men. HP Pavilion dv3-2102tx Battery

I am going to put in every image I can think of to make the men in the audience cross their legs. Homosexual oral rape, birth. The thing lays its eggs down your throat, the whole number.'"HP Pavilion dv3-2103tu Battery,HP Pavilion dv3-2103tx Battery,HP Pavilion dv3-2105ee Battery